Abstract
In plants, environmental conditions such as temperature affect survival, growth, and fitness, particularly during key stages such as seedling growth and reproduction. To survive and thrive in changing conditions, plants have evolved adaptive responses that tightly regulate developmental processes such as hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in response to environmental temperature changes. Increases in temperature, coupled with increasing fluctuations in local climate and weather, severely affect our agricultural systems; therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which plants perceive and respond to temperature is critical for agricultural sustainability. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of ambient temperature perception as well as possible temperature sensing components in plants. Based on recent publications, we highlight several temperature response mechanisms, including the deposition and eviction of histone variants, DNA methylation, alternative splicing, protein degradation, and protein localization. We discuss roles of each proposed temperature-sensing mechanism that affects plant development, with an emphasis on flowering time. Studies of plant ambient temperature responses are advancing rapidly, and this review provides insights for future research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of temperature perception and responses in plants.
Highlights
Recent analyses indicate that global temperatures have steadily increased, by at least 0.6 ◦C in the last three decades and 0.8 ◦C in the last century [1]
After sensing warm or cold temperature, plants readjust their developmental processes such as flowering time and hypocotyl/root elongation to adapt to the new environmental conditions
We summarize the recent findings on several components that may act as thermostats and thermosensing mechanisms, mostly in the model plant A. thaliana
Summary
Recent analyses indicate that global temperatures have steadily increased, by at least 0.6 ◦C in the last three decades and 0.8 ◦C in the last century [1]. The enrichment of histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) at warm temperatures leads to differential splicing at the genome-wide level, probably through the H3K36me3-MORF RELATED GENE (MRG)-polypyrimidine tract-binding chromatin-adaptor mechanism [52,53] (Figure 2A,B). It is tempting to speculate that the role of PKL in ambient temperature-responsive plant development requires the regulation of DNA methylation, probably by elevation of CHH methylation levels at warm temperatures. Further experiment such as bisulfite sequencing in pkl-1 mutants at different ambient temperatures might be necessary to verify this hypothesis
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