Abstract
BackgroundPneumonia is one of the principal reasons for incidence and death in the world. The former research mainly concentrated on specific sources of patients. Besides, due to the heterogeneity among regions, there are inconsistencies in the outcome of these surveys. To explore the relationship between atmospheric pollution and hospital visits for pneumonia under the climate and pollution conditions in Qingdao, we carried out this study.MethodsThe medical records of pneumonia patients were gathered from the affiliated hospital of Qingdao University during Jan 1st, 2014, and Dec 31st,2018. Daily concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, as well as CO, were collected from the national air quality monitoring stations in Qingdao. Case-crossover study design and conditional logistic regression model were used to estimate the associations. Daily temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure were adjusted as the covariates in all models. A principal component analysis was used to solve the multicollinearity between atmospheric pollutants and investigate the relationship between various air pollutants and pneumonia occurs.ResultsIn the single pollutant model, with interquartile range increment of the density of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 at the lag2 days, the odds ratio of hospital visits for pneumonia patients increased by 6.4% (95%CI, 2.3–10.7%), 7.7% (95%CI, 3.2–12.4%), 6.7% (95%CI, 1.0–12.7%), and 7.2% (95%CI, 1.1–13.5%). Stratified analysis showed that pollutants were more significant in the cold period. Besides, the impact of atmospheric particulates on different ages mainly occurs in the young child (0 to 3-year-old). The odds ratio was 1.042 (95%CI, 1.012–1.072) when the principal components of atmospheric pollutants were included in the conditional logistic model.ConclusionsOur study found a significant relationship between short-term uncovering to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and hospital visits for pneumonia in Qingdao. The effect of atmospheric pollutants mainly arose in a cold period. The particulate matter might be the principal reason in inducing hospital visits for pneumonia.
Highlights
Pneumonia is one of the principal reasons for incidence and death in the world
The exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) Patients who were not verified by the results of Computed Tomography were excluded; 2) Patients with aspiration pneumonia (J69), hypostatic pneumonia (J18.201), and allergic pneumonia (J67.9) were excluded from this study; 3) To avoid hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by long-term hospitalization, we removed patients with more than two days from admission to a diagnosis of pneumonia; 4) Subsequent episode within one year of each pneumonia patient was excluded from the inquiry [23]
Approximately 56.81% were consists of the male, and 43.19% were formed of the female; 47.32% were younger than 4 years, 20.74% were aged 4 to years, 20.99% were aged to years, 10.95% were or older; 58.91% went to the hospital in the cold period, 41.09% went to the hospital in the warm period
Summary
Pneumonia is one of the principal reasons for incidence and death in the world. The former research mainly concentrated on specific sources of patients. To explore the relationship between atmospheric pollution and hospital visits for pneumonia under the climate and pollution conditions in Qingdao, we carried out this study. The previous animal experiments have confirmed a short-term exposure to air pollutants was capable of causing lung inflammation [12]. In the mainland of China, a few previous investigations discovered a correlation between atmospheric pollution and hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visits for pneumonia [16,17,18,19]. Due to the heterogeneity of air pollution health effects in different regions [20], studies in other areas may not be directly applicable to cities like Qingdao, which have a particular pattern of atmospheric pollution and climate
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