Amantadine exerts anxiolytic like effect in mice: Evidences for the involvement of nitrergic and GABAergic signaling pathways

Abstract

Amantadine is a glutamatergic antagonist that works by inhibiting the NMDA receptor. Besides the inhibition of NMDA receptors amantadine also stabilizes the glutamatergic system and protects the neurons against the NMDA toxicity. Amantadine treatment also reduces the production of NO and metabolism of GABA. Therefore amantadine modulates glutamate, GABA and NO which are known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of anxiety and related behavior. The present study was designed to investigate the anxiolytic like effect of amantadine in mice. Nitrergic and GABAergic signaling influence in the anxiolytic like effect of amantadine was also studied. Amantadine (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered and the anxiety related behavior was determined using light and dark box (LDB) and elevated plus maze (EPM) methods. Further, the effect of various treatments on the whole brain glutamate, nitrite and GABA levels were also determined. The results obtained demonstrated that the amantadine (50 mg/kg, i.p.) exerted anxiolytic like effect in mice and reduced the levels of glutamate, nitrite and GABA in the brain of mice as compared to control. Further, the influence of NO and GABA in the anxiolytic like effect of the amantadine was also determined. The results obtained demonstrated that NO donor counteracted while NO inhibitor potentiated the anxiolytic like effect of amantadine in mice. Also the combined treatment of amantadine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect the anxiety related behavior, brain GABA and nitrite level of mice but reduced the levels the brain glutamate levels significantly as compared to amantadine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mice. Thus, amantadine exerted anxiolytic like effect in mice and the anxiolytic like effect of amantadine was modulated by nitrergic and GABAergic signaling pathway.