Alzheimer’s disease, brain immune privilege and memory: a hypothesis

Abstract

The most distinctive feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the specific degeneration of the neurons involved in memory consolidation, storage, and retrieval. Patients suffering from AD forget basic information about their past, loose linguistic and calculative abilities and communication skills. Thus, understanding the etiology of AD may provide insights into the mechanisms of memory and vice versa. The brain is an immunologically privileged site protected from the organism's immune reactions by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). All risk factors for AD (both cardiovascular and genetic) lead to destruction of the BBB. Evidence emerging from recent literature indicates that AD may have an autoimmune nature associated with BBB impairments. This hypothesis suggests that the process of memory consolidation involves the synthesis of novel macromolecules recognized by the immune system as "non-self" antigens. The objective of this paper is to stimulate new approaches to studies of neural mechanisms underpinning memory consolidation and its breakdown during AD. If the hypothesis on the autoimmune nature of AD is correct, the identification of the putative antigenic macromolecules might be critical to understanding the etiology and prevention of AD, as well as for elucidating cellular mechanisms of learning and memory.