Alzheimer’s Disease and Melatonin/Testosterone/Estrogens: Neurophysiological and Neuroendocrinological Routing of Longevity

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is the evolutionary, genetic and epigenetic routing of Homo sapiens , with the introduction of the ADNM - 365/22/77 (Alzheimer’s Disease & Nuclear Medicine) rehabilitation program and medical and social neurocommunications and accompaniments (Research Institute of Neuroscience, 2022). Innovative neuromodulation methods in combined neuroendocrine therapy/rehabilitation (drug, non-pharmacological, etc.) predict the protection of brain aging. To restore circadian neuroplasticity of the brain, a multimodal scheme was introduced: circadian glasses, functional nutrition and physical activity. A combined and hybrid cluster has been developed and implemented in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and rehabilitation of cognitive impairment and cognitive disorders. Bioelectromagnetic characteristics of light exposure to the visual analyzer, is the strongest synchronizing signal for the circadian system and optimal operation of Homo sapiens brain. Optimization of neurobiological and chronomedicine processes is possible with the circadian production of melatonin and ensuring its long-term concentration in the human body. Sex hormones have numerous protective and antioxidant effects in the adult brain, increasing neural function and resistance and promoting neuronal survival. As the body ages, there is a relatively rapid loss of ovarian hormones in women after menopause and a gradual but indeed significant decrease in testosterone in men. Reproductive aging in both men and women has a negative effect on neural function and represents a significant age-related risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, primarily Alzheimer's disease. A key positive factor in all studies is the age of initiation of menopausal hormone therapy, early initiation of menopausal hormone therapy is protective against Alzheimer's disease. Neuroendocrinological multimodal methods make it possible to significantly increase the duration of an active and high-quality healthy life of a person. The start time of exogenous estrogen therapy was also highly significantly associated with the risk of dementia: if hormone replacement therapy began in the first 5 years after the onset of menopause, the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease was significantly lower. In addition, estrogens act in the brain, regulating a wide range of behaviors and physiological functions in both sexes.