Alveolar Cell Senescence Exacerbates Pulmonary Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Abstract

Background: Alveolar cell senescence is accelerated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that alveolar cell senescence contributes to the chronic inflammation that affects the lungs of COPD patients. Methods: We exposed alveolar type II-like epithelial (A549) cells to a G-quadruplex-interacting telomerase inhibitor in vitro to induce cellular senescence and analyzed the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of NF-ĸB. Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) were serially passaged to induce replicative senescence. We also immunostained human lung tissue sections obtained from COPD patients, asymptomatic smokers and asymptomatic nonsmokers and examined correlations between type II cell senescence and inflammation. Results: Senescent A549 cells and HDMECs, whether stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or not, produced greater amounts of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α, which paralleled NF-ĸB activation, than did presenescent cells. There were positive correlations between the percentages of senescent type II cells that expressed p16^INK4a and the percentages of type II cells that expressed phosphorylated NF-ĸB. The lung tissue of the COPD patients contained higher percentages of proinflammatory senescent type II cells that co-expressed p16^INK4a and phosphorylated NF-ĸB than the tissue from asymptomatic smokers and asymptomatic nonsmokers. Higher percentages of p16^INK4a-positive senescent type II cells than of p16^INK4a-negative presenescent type II cells were positive for phosphorylated NF-ĸB. Conclusions: Senescence of alveolar epithelial cells is associated with functional alterations of the cells to a proinflammatory phenotype and may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD.