Alveolar Bone Formation Enhancement Induced by The Combination of Propolis Extract and Bovine Bone Graft Through SMAD3 Expression and Woven Bone in The Socket Preservation (An In Vivo Study)

Abstract

After tooth extraction, preservation of the socket is performed to maintain the alveolar bone dimension. The materials such as Bovine Bone Graft (BBG) are commonly used and in combination with propolis extract, it's hoped can accelerate the bone remodeling so as to increase the success of prosthodontics treatment and improve individual good health and well-being. This study aimed to determine the capability of the combination of propolis extract and BBG in alveolar bone regeneration in terms of SMAD3 expression and the area of woven bone. This study used 84 Cavia cobaya which were divided into 4 groups for the 3rd, 7th, and 30th day, each group consist of 7 subjects. The first mandibular incisor of the subject was extracted then the socket for each group was filled with PEG (K1), propolis extract (K2), BBG (K3), and a combination of propolis extract and BBG (K4). After the duration was reached, the experimental animals were terminated and the specimen were processed to evaluate the expression of SMAD3 and calculate the area of the woven bone. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). All groups expressed SMAD3 and demonstrated the presence of woven bone. The highest expression of SMAD3 and the area of woven bone were found in the K4 group on the 3rd, 7th, and 30th day. There were significant differences in each group (p = 0.00; p <0.05) both on the SMAD3 expression and the area of the woven bone. Propolis extract and BBG combination supports enhancement bone formation by increasing SMAD3 expression and woven bone area.