Abstract
Triticale is a wheat–rye hybrid with a higher abiotic stress tolerance than wheat and is better adapted for cultivation in light-type soils, where aluminum ions are present as Al-complexes that are harmful to plants. The roots are the first plant organs to contact these ions and the inhibition of root growth is one of the first plant reactions. The proteomes of the root apices in Al-tolerant and -sensitive plants were investigated to compare their regeneration effects following stress. The materials used in this study consisted of seedlings of three triticale lines differing in Al3+ tolerance, first subjected to aluminum ion stress and then recovered. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was used for seedling root protein separation followed by differential spot analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS/MS). The plants’ tolerance to the stress was evaluated based on biometric screening of seedling root regrowth upon regeneration. Our results suggest that the Al-tolerant genotype can recover, without differentiation of proteome profiles, after stress relief, contrary to Al-sensitive genotypes that maintain the proteome modifications caused by unfavorable environments.
Highlights
Aluminum is the third most abundant element on earth, after oxygen and silicon
Our results suggest that the Al-tolerant genotype can recover, without differentiation of proteome profiles, after stress relief, contrary to Al-sensitive genotypes that maintain the proteome modifications caused by unfavorable environments
The disruption of DNA synthesis and cell division in the root apex and the lateral roots is accompanied by increased rigidity of the cell walls and DNA double helix, which leads to rapid inhibition of root growth, even with micromolar Al3+ concentrations [2,6]
Summary
Aluminum is the third most abundant element on earth, after oxygen and silicon. Its toxic effect in plants results from the physicochemical properties of common aluminum minerals, presented in the lithosphere as, for example: gibbsite and bauxite (hydroxylated Al-ions), kaolinite, or muscovite (hydrated complexes of aluminum and potassium). The NRAT1 (Nramp aluminum transporter 1) transporter has been identified as a putative Al transporter involved in rice’s internal resistance mechanism, which lowers Al-ion concentrations in the root cell wall, transporting the ions inside the root cells for sequestration in vacuoles [12] Those genes are conserved in numerous plant crop genomes [13]. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) with immobilized pH gradients (IPGs), combined with protein identification by mass spectrometry (MS), was used to detect changes in the proteomes of triticale root tips after Al stress removal This method has been successfully used to identify proteins involved in various stress responses in plants [17,18]. For our comparative proteomic studies, we used the seedling root tips of triticale plants differing in Al tolerance subjected to recovery after the stress treatment
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