Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant produced under constant reactant concentration

Abstract

Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, AlO(OH), is used to potentiate the immune response to vaccines by adsorbing the antigen. The structure of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant is unusual as it is crystalline but has a high surface area due to its very small primary particles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical and thermal conditions required to synthesize aluminum hydroxide adjuvant that is stable and exhibits a high protein adsorptive capacity. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was precipitated using a procedure in which the concentration of reactants was maintained constant throughout the precipitation. The precipitation variables were: 2.50, 2.75, and 3.00 OH/Al molar ratio; 0.5, 4.0, and 5.0M NaCl; and 25, 60, and 65°C. High sodium chloride concentration and high temperature facilitated the formation of AlO(OH) rather than crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3. The AlO(OH) produced was not stable because crystalline forms of aluminum hydroxide formed during aging at room temperature. Aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was stabilized for the study period of 12weeks at room temperature by either the addition of 3.0M NaCl after precipitation and washing or hydrothermal treatment at 110°C for 4h. Stabilization by the addition of sodium chloride required a hypertonic concentration of sodium chloride and was not practical as vaccines for parenteral administration are desired to be isotonic (equivalent to 0.15M NaCl). Stabilization by hydrothermal treatment produced aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, which exhibited a high protein adsorptive capacity that did not change during the 12-week study period.