Abstract
Although the incorporation of bioactive glasses into glass ionomer cements (GICs) has led to promising results, using a bioactive glass as the only solid component of GICs has never been investigated. In this study, we developed an Al-free GIC with standard compressive strength using various combinations of 45S5 Bioglass® and its glass-ceramic as the solid component. The glass-ceramic particles with 74% crystallinity were used for this purpose as they can best act as both remineralizing and reinforcing agents. Strengthening mechanisms including crack deflection and crack-tip shielding were activated for the GICs containing 50–50 wt% bioglass and bioglass-ceramic as the optimum ratio. The progression of the GIC setting reaction at its early stages was also monitored and verified. We also discussed that our bimodal particle size distribution containing both micron- and nanosized particles may enhance the packing density and integrity of the structure of the cements after setting. In such GICs produced in this study, the toxic effects of Al are avoided while chemical bonds are expected to form between the cement and the surrounding hard tissue(s) through interfacial biomineralization and adhesion.
Highlights
glass ionomer cements (GICs) prepared by the powders with a bimodal particle size distribution, are shown to have higher fracture toughness and improved workability properties
This is due to the fact that, such distribution leads to a high packing density of the glass particles within the cement matrix in which fine particles mostly provide the reactive surface area required for setting reaction whilst coarse particles may mainly contribute to the strengthening mechanisms [21, 30, 37, 38]
We developed an Al-free 45S5 Bioglass®based GIC with standard compressive strength comparable to that of the commercially available GICs
Summary
Glass ionomer cements (GICs), known as glass polyalkenoates, were developed and patented in 1969 at the Laboratory of the Government Chemist (London, UK) [1]. GICs exhibit many clinical advantages compared to other restoratives including the ability to develop a physicochemical bond to hard tissues, low coefficient of thermal expansion, desirable translucency and proper biocompatibility with the pulp tissue and primary cultures of bone cells—all of which can significantly promote their in vivo performance [4,5,6]. GICs are classified as acid-base cements consisting of an aqueous solution of a polyalkenoic acid and a powdered calcium aluminosilicate glass component with a basic nature [7]. During the acid-base setting reaction, multivalent counterions (e.g., Ca2+ and Al3+) leach out from glass particles resulting in the crosslinking of polyalkenoic acid chains [4, 8], which leads to cement hardening
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