Alumina sulfuric acid (ASA), tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA), molybdate sulfuric acid (MSA) and xanthan sulfuric acid (XSA) as solid and heterogeneous catalysts in green organic synthesis: a review

Rajesh H Vekariya,Hitesh D Patel,Viktor V Zhdankin

doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.p008.894

Rajesh H Vekariya, Hitesh D Patel + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.p008.894

Copy DOI

Abstract

In this comprehensive review, we report on the sulfonic acid functionalized solid acids such as alumina sulfuric acid (ASA), tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA), molybdate sulfuric acid (MSA) and xanthan sulfuric acid (XSA) as green and heterogeneous catalysts in a wide range of organic transformations. Recently, the use of sulfonic acid functionalized solid acids as catalyst in organic synthesis has become an efficient and green strategy for the selective construction of organic motifs. The sustainable advantage of sulfonic acid functionalized solid acids is that it can be recovered and reused several times without loss of their efficiency. In this review, we attempt to give an overview of the use of ASA, TSA, MSA, XSA as catalysts in the synthesis of various organic compounds having industrial as well as pharmaceutical applications.

Highlights

Organic synthesis generally involves the use of various solvents and catalysts, which may be toxic, hazardous, corrosive and inflammable
Synthesis of 2,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted pyrroles Tamaddon et al.[50] have discovered the solvent-free preparation of 2,3,4,5-tetrasubstituted pyrroles through the [2+2+1] strategy via condensation of 1,3-dicarbonyls, benzoin derivatives and ammonium acetate in the presence of catalytic amounts of molybdate sulfuric acid (MSA), which afforded high yields of the products (Scheme 21)
Synthesis of quinoxaline and phenazine derivatives Karami et al.[53] have discovered an efficient synthesis of quinoxaline and phenazine derivatives by the reaction of 1,2-diketones and ortho-pheneylenediamines using a catalytic amount of molybdate sulfuric acid (MSA) in ethanol as solvent at room temperature (Scheme 24a-b)

Summary

Introduction

Organic synthesis generally involves the use of various solvents and catalysts, which may be toxic, hazardous, corrosive and inflammable. Synthesis of benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles Farahi et al.[41] have developed a green protocol for the synthesis of benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives through the reactions of orthoesters with ortho-aminophenols or orthoaminothiophenols respectively in high yields (Scheme 12) All these reaction were carried out in the presence of tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA) under solvent free condition at 80-90 oC. Synthesis of 1,3-dithiane and 1,3-dithiolane derivatives Karami et al.[44] have disclosed an efficient protocol for the thioacetalization of aliphatic and aromatic carbonyl compounds using tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA) as an eco-friendly catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 80 oC or by grinding at room temperature to afford 1,3-dithianes and 1,3-dithiolanes (Scheme 15). Synthesis of benzimidazoles Karami et al.[47] have discovered an eco-friendly and high yielding protocol for the synthesis of benzimidazoles through a condensation reaction of ortho-phenylenediamines with orthoesters by employing tungstate sulfuric acid (TSA) under solvent-free conditions at 80 oC (Scheme 18).

Synthesis of polycyclic aromatic phenazines and quinoxalines

Synthesis of N-nitroso compounds

Conclusions