Abstract
The manufacture of leather covers a wide productive chain and beyond contributes to the economic flow. The various stages of leather processing result in high volumes of solid waste. In Brazil, a daily generation of 375 tons of solid waste is estimated, and landfills are still the most used route to its destination. In this review, emphasis will be given to researches that have sought alternatives for the use of solid waste from the tannery industry. Among the main applications of solid tannery wastes, the following stand out production of adsorbent materials, biodiesel, biogas, biopolymers, applications in agriculture and other applications involving extraction/recovery of compounds of industrial/commercial interest, isolation of microorganisms and production of enzymes and applications in the animal diet. In each alternative of waste application, the technologies used, the opportunities, and the challenges faced are mentioned. We hope that this review can provide valuable information to promote the broad understanding of the possibilities that tannery solid wastes has for the development of biodegradable and agricultural products, wastewater treatment, extraction of compounds of industrial and commercial interest, among others.Graphical abstract
Highlights
IntroductionSolid residues are by-products from human and industrial activities, associated with negative impacts on human beings and the environment when disposed of incorrectly
The solid wastes generated, mainly, in the shaving and cutting stages are considered by the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR10.004 [6] as Class I dangerous, due to their toxicity according to the leaching test according to ABNT NBR 10.005 [7]
In the study carried out by Jiang et al [33] it is estimated that the percentage of articles involving the theme of leather solid wastes has increased by 76.62% in the period 1969 to 2015, with this trend being more pronounced in 2006, indicating that leather waste treatment become a topic of growing interest
Summary
Solid residues are by-products from human and industrial activities, associated with negative impacts on human beings and the environment when disposed of incorrectly. Brazil has the second-largest cattle herd in the world, with 232 million head and increasing productivity [2]. According to the Center for the Tanning Industries of Brazil, the leather trade represents a strong industrial sector in the country, mainly in the southern region, which has been generated considerable volumes of solid. Several other mechanical steps are necessary to standardize the thickness of the leather, generating large amounts of solid wastes, such as hides and skins having and trimmings, fats, buffing dust, and sludge from effluents [5]. The solid wastes generated, mainly, in the shaving and cutting stages are considered by the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR10.004 [6] as Class I dangerous, due to their toxicity according to the leaching test according to ABNT NBR 10.005 [7].
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