Alternative processing routes on CsH2PO4 proton conductors: Cold sintering and ball-milling routes

Abstract

Cesium dihydrogen phosphate (CsH2PO4) holds great potential as electrolyte for intermediate-temperature fuel cells and electrochemical devices due to its high proton conductivity (≥10−2 S/cm). This study reports on the variation of the microstructure of CsH2PO4 and its effect on its electrical and thermal properties, with special attention to the low-temperature conductivity behavior. To manipulate morphology, the particle size was decreased by wet ball-milling, while variations in grain growth were achieved by cold sintering. Above the superprotonic phase transition, the electrical conductivity was effectively independent of the grain size. Nonetheless, at lower temperatures, a brick layer analysis on the impedance data revealed that the conductivity of the monoclinic phase is governed by the conduction pathways along the parallel grain boundaries due to the humidified atmosphere. Overall, we propose two conduction mechanisms that could explain the grain boundary conductivity of these samples, revealing critical links between sample morphology and low-temperature electrical behavior.