Abstract
An alternating synergetic ultrasound/microwave method was applied to the simultaneous extraction of essential oils and polysaccharides with deep eutectic solvent (DES) from Schisandra chinensis. Under the optimal conditions, extract in the selected choline chloride-ethylene glycol 1:3 solvent yielded 12.2 mL/kg and 8.56 g/100g of essential oils and polysaccharides, respectively. The free radical scavenging and immunological activities of the polysaccharides and the antioxidant activity of the essential oils have also been investigated. The lymphocyte proliferation capacity was substantially improved by adding concanavalin A or lipopolysaccharides to polysaccharides (0.20 mg/mL). The IC50 values of the essential oils for scavenging DPPH obtained by hydro-distillation and DES ultrasound/microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (DES UMHD) were 52.34 µg/mL and 29.82 µg/mL, respectively. The essential oil obtained by DES UMHD had the highest reducing power (856.05 (TE)/g) at 150 g/mL and had the strongest inhibitory capacity (SC% = 18.12%). S. chinensis has the potential to be developed as a natural antioxidant.
Highlights
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a sustainable alternative to ionic liquids derived from green natural and renewable components
The results show that the DES solvent (ChCl-ethylene glycol (EG) 1:3 molar ratio) extracted chitin showed a high yield of 6.86 ± 0.10 g/100g
In the experiment of S. chinensis polysaccharides, it was found that the crude polysaccharide was deproteinized four times by Sevag method to obtain maximum fine polysaccharide (5.11 g/100g); in the scavenging activity of S. chinensis polysaccharide toward hydroxyl radical, we found when the sampling concentration was more than 0.20 mg/mL, and the scavenging activity had almost doubled
Summary
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a sustainable alternative to ionic liquids derived from green natural and renewable components. Compared with the traditional extraction methods, DES pretreatment can enhance digestibility, reduce energy consumption, and simplify procedures for solvent recovery. DES can be formed by mixing simple quaternary ammonium salt such as choline chloride (ChCl) with appropriate Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) (such as metal halides, acids and alcohols) under heating [1]. These prepared DES are non-toxic, synthetic, and have low cost of preparation. Microwave irradiation is as an energy source to induce molecular movement and rotation of liquids with permanent dipoles [8]
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