Abstract

Effective management of the course of crop vegetation and adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is a prerequisite for stable grain production and requires replenishment of the arsenal of plant growth regulators. The effect of novel synthesized cage amides on maize seedlings morphogenesis has been tested. Seeds of a mid-early maize hybrid 'DN Galatea' after the pre-sowing treatment with 0.01% solutions of test compounds were grown in distilled water. The roots and shoots sections of 10-day-old maize seedlings were stained with phloroglucinol solution to reveal the lignin-containing anatomical structures. The effects of nine different test compounds, exceeding the well-known effects of the phytohormone auxin, promoted the maize seedlings’ linear growth, increased wet weight of roots and shoots, and dry biomass accumulation both in seedlings roots and shoots. Several test compounds activated the dry weight accumulation process without significantly affecting the root and shoot length. In the maize seedlings’ roots, an increase in the diameter and number of the xylem vessels was found, as well as an increase in the lignin-containing layer thickness of the endoderm cells in the root cortex. In the maize seedlings’ shoots, the test compounds caused an increase in the thickness of the lignin-containing outer layer of the seedlings’ first leaf. In general, the test compounds’ effect on seedling roots can potentially enhance root formation; increase efficiency of the roots water-conducting system and the tissues’ strength, thus reducing the likelihood of root lodging in maize plants. The effects of the test compounds revealed in the seedlings’ shoots reflect the activation of the shoots’ structure formation and may have a positive value for enhancing the strength of the plant stems and counteracting the stem lodging of the maize plants.

Highlights

  • Increasing crop yield in parallel with enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses is a complex challenge, overcoming which depends on the ability to control the ontogenesis and adaptation of cultivated plants (Wang et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2020; Divte et al, 2021)

  • We have previously reported the positive effects of several synthesized 3-sulfolene derivatives on the growth and development of maize seedlings, including an increase in the vigour index, root and shoot length (Palchikov et al, 2019)

  • Test compounds IV, I, and II caused the greatest increase in the wet weight of seedling roots (23.2%, 20.1% and 18.8% above the control), whereas the dry weight of the roots was increased the most by test compounds IV, VII, and I (19.8%, 21.4% and 19.0% above the control)

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Summary

Introduction

Increasing crop yield in parallel with enhancing plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses is a complex challenge, overcoming which depends on the ability to control the ontogenesis and adaptation of cultivated plants (Wang et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2020; Divte et al, 2021). The action of well-known plant growth regulators does not always provide the necessary effects and may not meet expectations in changing environmental conditions. Fawcett et al (2016) found that the effect of gibberellic acid and cytokinins on maize and soybeans in field trials led to enhancement of plant growth only, while none of the treatments resulted in increased crop yields. Stimulation of the root formation process in stem cuttings of blackberry plants was much more effective under the action of synthesized triazole derivatives as compared to the known phytohormonal plant growth regulator (Shcherbina et al, 2017). A comparative study of response of Lilium plants to action of natural and synthesized regulators showed a significantly smaller effect of gibberellic acid on the height, leaf number and leaf area than the effect of paclobutrazol on plant morphology and anatomy (Torres-Pio et al, 2021)

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