Abstract
Introduction: Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of diving, and the related endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress roles have been extensively investigated. However, most available data have been obtained before and after the dive, whilst, as far as we know, no data is available about what happens during the water immersion phase of dive. The scope of this study is to investigate the Nitrate and Nitrite (NOX) concentration and the total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC) before, during and after a single SCUBA dive in healthy scuba diving volunteers, as well as to look for evidence of a possible relationship with venous gas bubble formation.Materials and Methods: Plasma, obtained from blood of 15 expert SCUBA divers, 13 male and 2 female, was investigated for differences in NOX and TAC values in different dive times. Differences in NOX and TAC values in subjects previously known as “bubble resistant” (non-bubblers – NB) and “bubble prone” (Bubblers – B) were investigated.Results: We found a statistically significant increase of NOX plasma concentration in the “bottom blood draw” and in the “safety stop blood draw” as compared to the basal pre diving condition. We did not find any difference in NOX plasma concentration between the basal value and the post diving samples. We did not find any significant statistical difference in TAC in the bottom blood sample, while the safety-stop and the post-dive samples showed higher TAC values compared with the basal value. We did not find any difference in NOX and TAC mean values between non-bubblers and Bubblers.Discussion: Our protocol, by including underwater blood drawing, allowed to monitor plasma NOX changes occurred during diving activity, and not only by comparing pre and post diving values. It is particularly interesting to note that the increased NOX values found at the bottom and at the safety stop were not observed at post dive sampling (T0, T30, T60), showing a very rapid return to the pre-dive values. In this preliminary study we did not find any relationship between bubble formation and changes in NOX parameters and TAC response.
Highlights
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of diving, and the related endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress roles have been extensively investigated
We did not find any difference in NOX plasma concentration between the basal value and the post diving samples P > 0.05 (T0 = 29.1 ± 13.8 μM; T30 = 26.4 ± 13.3 μM; T60 = 23.6 ± 14.4 μM) (Figure 2 and Table 2)
total plasma antioxidant capacity (TAC) was successfully investigated only in 9 of the 15 investigated subjects, on these we did not find any significant statistical difference in the bottom blood sample, while the safety-stop and the post-dive samples showed higher TAC values compared with the basal value
Summary
Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of diving, and the related endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress roles have been extensively investigated. NO is involved in many physiological processes such as: platelet activity, leukocyte adhesion, thrombosis, and in the development of atherosclerosis (Keaney and Vita, 1995; Tousoulis et al, 2010). Based on these premises, it is easy to understand that endothelial dysfunction is involved in the majority of diseases affecting the vascular district, including the relationship with coronary artery disease and peripheral vasculature (Drexler, 1997; Pepine, 1998).
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