Abstract
Population growth has led to increased global discharges of wastewater. Contaminants that are not fully removed during wastewater treatment, such as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), may negatively affect aquatic ecosystems. PPCPs can bioaccumulate causing adverse health effects and behavioural changes in exposed fish. To assess the impact of PPCPs on wild fish, and to assess whether caged fish could be used as a surrogate for resident wild fish in future monitoring, we caged goldfish in a marsh affected by discharges of wastewater effluents (Cootes Paradise, Lake Ontario, Canada). We collected plasma from resident wild goldfish, and from goldfish that we caged in the marsh for three weeks. We analyzed the plasma proteome and metabolome of both wild and caged fish. We also compared proteomic and metabolic responses in caged and wild fish from the marsh to fish caged at a reference site (Jordan Harbour Conservation Area). We identified significant changes in expression of over 250 molecules that were related to liver necrosis, accumulation and synthesis of lipids, synthesis of cyclic AMP, and the quantity of intracellular calcium in fish from the wastewater affected marsh. Our results suggest that PPCPs could be affecting the health of wild fish populations.
Highlights
There is growing societal concern about the environmental fate and inadvertent effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)
Vitellogenin was detected in the plasma of only one goldfish caged at CPM1 (86 ng/ml) and was detected in one goldfish caged at Jordan Harbour (JH) (27.6 ng/ml)
The PPCPs that were detected in the plasma of caged and wild fish from Cootes Paradise Marsh (CPM) appear to have had subtle effects, occurring mostly at the molecular level
Summary
There is growing societal concern about the environmental fate and inadvertent effects of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). CPM has suffered considerable habitat destruction and subsequent loss of biodiversity, caused primarily by water pollution from municipal wastewaters (treated effluents and combined sewer overflows), the extensive proliferation of invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio)[12,13], and more recently an explosion of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Both carp and goldfish can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions, including the ability to handle low levels of dissolved oxygen and higher levels of contamination compared to other fish species[14,15,16]. Alpha-1-anƟtrypsin Plasma serine protease inhibitor N-lysine methyltransferase SMYD2 U11/U12 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 25 kDa protein Spectrin beta chain, non-erythrocyƟc 1 TranscripƟon iniƟaƟon factor TFIID subunit 2
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