Abstract
Background: Depression is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with an unclear neural mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the underlying cerebral perfusion associated with depression in AD and evaluate its clinical significance.Method: Twenty-one AD patients and 21 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled in this study. The depressive symptom was defined according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD). Nine patients were diagnosed as AD with depression symptoms (HAMD >7). Three-dimensional pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling MR imaging was conducted to measure regional cerebral blood flow (CBF). Neuropsychological tests covered cognition and depressive scores. Between-group comparisons on clinical variables and regional CBFs, relationship between regional CBF and depressive score, and identification of AD patients with depression were performed using covariance analysis, linear regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, respectively.Results: Compared with HCs, AD patients without depression exhibited lower gray matter CBF (p = 0.016); compared with AD patients without depression, AD patients with depression had higher CBF in the right supplementary motor area (39.23 vs. 47.91 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.017) and right supramarginal gyrus (35.54 vs. 43.85 ml/100 g/min, p = 0.034). CBF in the right supplementary motor area was correlated with depressive score (β = 0.46, p = 0.025). The combination of CBF in the right supplementary motor area and supramarginal gyrus and age could identify AD patients with depression from those without depression with a specificity of 100%, sensitivity of 66.67%, accuracy of 85.71%, and area under the curve of 0.87.Conclusions: Our findings suggested that hyperperfusion of the right supplementary motor area and right supramarginal gyrus were associated with depression syndrome in AD, which could provide a potential neuroimaging marker to evaluate the depression state in AD.
Highlights
Depression is common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients [1]
There was a significant difference in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) scores, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and MoCA among the three groups
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the right supplementary motor area had a specificity of 58.33%, sensitivity of 88.89%, accuracy of 71.43%, and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.79, and CBF in the right supramarginal gyrus presented a specificity of 91.67%, sensitivity of 55.56%, accuracy of 76.19%, and AUC of 0.76
Summary
Depression is common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients [1]. The underlying mechanism of depression in AD patients was still unclear. Perfusion imaging has been used to assess the microvasculature and brain metabolic changes in AD patients with depression using positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Arterial spin labeling (ASL) could be used to non-invasively quantify cerebral perfusion by magnetically labeling inflowing blood, which has been regarded as an effective method to assess progression in AD [10, 11], depression, or other disease [12,13,14]. No studies have yet used ASL to explore the underlying perfusion characteristics of AD patients with depression. Depression is common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with an unclear neural mechanism. This study aimed to investigate the underlying cerebral perfusion associated with depression in AD and evaluate its clinical significance
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