Abstract
This study investigated the degree of brain functional impairment in persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD) by examining changes in the patterns of brain functional hubs. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 21 PSPD patients with headache as the main symptom and 17 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Degree centrality (DC) analysis as well as the connectivity among these hubs by functional connectivity (FC) analysis and Granger causality analysis (GCA) were performed to characterize abnormal brain networks in PSPD (Gaussian random field corrected: P < 0.001, Z > 3.09). The relationships between DC and connectivity and clinical parameters were also examined. DC values in the bilateral inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), bilateral calcarine fissure (CAL), and left paracentral lobule (PCL) and FC values of right IOG–left CAL, right IOG–right CAL, right IOG–left IOG, left CAL–right CAL, left CAL–left IOG, left CAL–left PCL, right CAL–left PCL, and left IOG–left PCL were lower in PSPD patients as compared to controls. A negative causal effect from the left CAL to the left paracentral lobule and a positive effect from the right CAL to the right IOG were observed in PSPD patients. Abnormal DC, FC, and signed-path coefficients in PSPD patients were negatively correlated with self-rating anxiety and depression scale scores. These results indicate that altered functional hubs and connectivity patterns in the somatosensory cortex may reflect emotional disturbance in PSPD patients.
Highlights
Persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD) is characterized by medically unexplained somatic symptoms (Smith et al, 2000)
Compared to healthy controls (HCs), lower Degree centrality (DC) values were observed in the bilateral inferior occipital gyrus (IOG), bilateral calcarine fissure (CAL), and left paracentral lobule (PCL) of persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD) patients (GRF corrected: P < 0.001, Z > 3.09) (Table 2 and Figures 1-1,1-2)
We found that PSPD patients showed abnormal network DC in multiple brain regions as well as abnormal functional connectivity (FC) between these regions as expected
Summary
Persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD) is characterized by medically unexplained somatic symptoms (Smith et al, 2000). PSPD patients experience long-term, persistent, severe, and distressing pain (typically lasting for over 6 months) that cannot be attributed to a specific cause (World Health Organization [WHO], 1993; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Various studies have described emotional and cognitive impairment in PSPD patients (Luo et al, 2014, 2016). Alexithymia and anxiety are very common symptoms in adolescents with PSPD (Burba et al, 2006). Others have reported that PSPD patients exhibited deficits in emotion perception but normal ability to recognize facial expressions (Schonenberg et al, 2014)
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