Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is hallmarked by social-emotional reciprocity deficits. Social-emotional responding requires the clear recognition of social cues as well as the internal monitoring of emotional salience. Insular cortex is central to the salience network, and plays a key role in approach-avoidance emotional valuation. Consistent right anterior insular hypoactivity and variable volumetric differences of insular cortical volumes were shown previously. The current study analyzed anterior and posterior insular volume/asymmetry changes in ASD across age. Age was used as an additional grouping variable as previous studies indicated differential regional volume in ASD individuals before and after puberty onset. In the current sample, pre-teen ASD expressed left lateralized anterior insula, while adolescent ASD had right lateralization. Typically developing (TD) individuals expressed the opposite lateralization of anterior insula in both age-groups (right greater than left anterior insular volume among pre-teen TD and left greater than right anterior insular volume among adolescent TD). Social-emotional calibrated severity scores from the ADOS were positively correlated with leftward anterior insular asymmetry and negatively correlated with proportional right anterior insular volumes in ASD. Insular cortex has a lateralized role in autonomic nervous system regulation (parasympathetic control in the left, sympathetic control in the right). Atypical insular asymmetry in ASD may contribute to the development of networks with a diminished salience signal to human faces and voices, and may lead to more learned passive avoidant responses to such stimuli at younger ages, leading to more distressed responses in adolescence. Data here supports the use of early behavioral intervention to increase awareness of and reward for social-emotional cues.
Highlights
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication, social reciprocity, and repetitive stereotypic behaviors [1]
The current study explored potential differences in insular volume and left-right asymmetry in well-matched groups of ASD and typically developing pre-teen and adolescent youth, and the relationships of these measures of the insula with the severity of social reciprocity deficits seen in individuals with ASD
Mean volumetric insular data are given in table 2
Summary
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social communication, social reciprocity, and repetitive stereotypic behaviors [1]. Other nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction are deficient, including abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures. Many of these behaviors rely on accurate recognition of salient social cues to appropriately guide behavior. Based upon existing knowledge of insular functions, there appears to be significant overlap between characteristic deficits in ASD and information processed by insular cortex. This makes insular cortex a particular region-of-interest in ASD. The current study explored potential differences in insular volume and left-right asymmetry in well-matched groups of ASD and typically developing pre-teen and adolescent youth, and the relationships of these measures of the insula with the severity of social reciprocity deficits seen in individuals with ASD
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