Abstract

In altered states of consciousness (ASCs), the patterns of conscious experience are different from usual, and the contents of consciousness do not reliably reflect the immediately surrounding world. Dreaming, other sleep-related hallucinations, and changes in experience caused by hypnotic suggestions are among the most typical ASCs. Exceptional states (also called higher states) of consciousness are ASCs that are emotionally positive and desirable, and some of them have spiritual meaning for the subject who experiences them. Meditation, flow, lucid dreaming, near-death experiences, and mystical states are paradigmatic exceptional states of consciousness.

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