Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is not one disorder; it represents a series of metabolic conditions related to hyperglycemia and caused by defects in hormone secretion and hormone action. Exposure to chronic hyperglycemia may result in microvascular complications in the retina (diabetic retinopathy), kidney (diabetic nephropathy), neuron (diabetic-neuropathy), skin, foot, and cardiac complications (stroke, hypertension…etc.). International Diabetes Federation estimates that 1.1 million children and adolescents aged 14–19 years have type one DM. Without interventions to halt the increase in diabetes, there will be at least 629 million people living with diabetes by 2045. In the body, white adipose tissue is the leading site for the storage of excess energy produced from the food intake in large quantities, of the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 DM by the over intake of fatty acid in the body. It results in the accumulation of fatty acyl co-A (FA-CoA) within the myocytes. It leads to improper signaling of the insulin and reduces the level in the myocytes and pancreases beta cells. It combines with genetically reduces the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) coactivator-1, initiates the inflammation process by the activation of the tumor necrotic factor alpha and protein kinase C. These alterations lead to further increase the intramyocellular FA-CoA and triglycerides. The sequence of events may develop mitochondrial dysfunction in the sarcolemma outer layers. Finally improves IR also with increasing intramyocellular lipids. This concept might be helpful to those who are pursuing endocrinology specialization, nursing staff, pharmacists, and other medical departments.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is not one disorder; it represents a series of metabolic conditions related to hyperglycemia and caused by defects in hormone secretion and hormone action
The hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test should be performed using a method that is certified by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and standardized according to the diabetes control and complications trial (DCCT) (Table 1) [25]
DM is a persistent metabolic disorder which is caused by insulin resistance (IR) and damage of the pancreas due to socioeconomic, environmental factors
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is not one disorder; it represents a series of metabolic conditions related to hyperglycemia and caused by defects in hormone secretion and hormone action. Type 1 diabetes is an immune system disease where the β-cells of the pancreas do not deliver adequate insulin, a hormone which enables users to (glucose) for vitality. The HbA1c test should be performed using a method that is certified by the National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) and standardized according to the diabetes control and complications trial (DCCT) (Table 1) [25] It as maturity-onset DM, there is no loss of moderate reduction in the beta-cell mass, insulin in circulation is shallow [28]. A large portion of the patients with T2DM are stout or have higher muscle versus fat ratio, appropriated transcendently in the stomach district This fatty tissue itself advances insulin obstruction through different inflammatory mechanisms, including expanded free fatty acid (FFA) discharge and adipokine malfunction. A 2-h post-load, an incentive in the OGTT 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l), is a positive test for diabetes and ought to affirm on an alternative day,
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