Abstract
Simple SummaryThe gastric microbial community has been identified as a specific risk factor for the gastric cancer (GC) risk in recent molecular epidemiology studies. The equilibrium of the gastric microbial community and their functions are very important to keep a proper gastric related health. However, dysbiosis where there is an imbalance of the microbiome in gastric environment leads to several pathological conditions including GC. Thus, understanding how alterations in gastric microbial communities are associated with GC risk in large population-based studies is needed to implement possible preventive and curative strategies in the future. We derived a microbial dysbiosis index to observe the association with GC risk. Further, we predicted the microbial functions that are associated with GC risk. The findings of our study are important to understand certain pathogenic bacteria and their functions associated with GC risk. It might be helpful to develop novel preventive guidelines to prevent GC risk.Although the microbiome has a potential role in gastric cancer (GC), little is known about microbial dysbiosis and its functions. This study aimed to observe the associations between the alterations in gastric microbial communities and GC risk. The study participants included 268 GC patients and 288 controls. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to characterize the microbiome. Streptococcus_NCVM and Prevotella melaninogenica species were highly enriched in cases and controls, respectively. Those who were in the third tertile of P. melaninogenica showed a significantly decreased risk of GC in total (odds ratio (OR): 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.38–0.96, p-trend = 0.071). Class Bacilli was phylogenetically enriched in cases, while phylum Actinobacteria, class Actinobacteria were related to the controls. The microbial dysbiosis index (MDI) was significantly higher for the cases compared with the healthy controls in the female population (p = 0.002). Females in the third tertile of the MDI showed a significantly increased risk of GC (OR: 2.66, 95% CI: 1.19-5.99, p-trend = 0.017). Secondary bile acid synthesis and biosynthesis of ansamycins pathways were highly abundant in cases and controls, respectively. Dysbiosis of gastric microbial communities is associated with an increased risk of GC specifically in females.
Highlights
IntroductionThe gastric cancer (GC) incidence in eastern Asia, including Korea, is the highest worldwide—over four times higher than the rates in Western Europe [2]
According to the GLOBOCAN estimates in 2018, gastric cancer (GC) has been identified as the fifth most common cancer type and is one of the main causes of cancer-related death in the world [1].The GC incidence in eastern Asia, including Korea, is the highest worldwide—over four times higher than the rates in Western Europe [2]
Various epidemiological studies have demonstrated that smoking [4,5,6,7], alcohol consumption [4,5,8], obesity and physical inactivity [4,5,9], family history of GC [10,11,12,13,14], and numerous dietary factors such as foods preserved with salts, pickled vegetables, low fruit and vegetable consumption, low dietary vitamin C and carotenoid intake, high salt consumption, high processed meat consumption, and high salt intake [4,5,15,16] are associated with an increased risk of GC
Summary
The GC incidence in eastern Asia, including Korea, is the highest worldwide—over four times higher than the rates in Western Europe [2]. In 2017, according to the Korea Central Cancer Registry (KCCR), the age-adjusted incidence rate of GC was 32.0 per 100,000 in the overall population, 46.4 per 100,000 in men, and 19.6 per 100,000 in women [3]. Some of recent epidemiological studies have suggested the involvement of the gastric microbiome in GC occurrence by the induction of chronic inflammation or down regulation of host immunity [17,18,19,20,21,22,23]. Innumerable bacteria form a complex and stable bacterial community that eventually plays an important role in the host mucosal immune response, energy and nutrient metabolism, pathogen elimination, and the development of several diseases including GC [24,25,26,27,28,29]
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