Abstract
In recent years, a significant increase in the consumption of products containing large amounts of acrylamide (e.g., chips, fries, coffee), especially among young people has been noted. The present study was created to establish the impact of acrylamide supplementation, in tolerable daily intake (TDI) dose and a dose ten times higher than TDI, on the population of galanin-like immunoreactive (GAL-LI) stomach neurons in pigs. Additionally, in the present study, the possible functional co-operation of GAL with other neuroactive substances and their role in acrylamide intoxication was investigated. Using double-labelling immunohistochemistry, alterations in the expression of GAL were examined in the porcine stomach enteric neurons after low and high doses of acrylamide supplementation. Generally, upregulation in GAL-LI immunoreactivity in both myenteric and submucous plexuses was noted in all stomach fragments studied. Additionally, the proportion of GAL-expressing cell bodies simultaneously immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART) also increased. The results suggest neurotrophic or/and neuroprotective properties of GAL and possible co-operation of GAL with VIP, nNOS, CART in the recovery processes in the stomach enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons following acrylamide intoxication.
Highlights
Galanin (GAL) is a 29 amino acid peptide which has widespread distribution in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in peripheral tissues of numerous species, including humans [1,2,3,4]
In the submucous plexus (SP), the largest group of GAL-like immunoreactive (LI) nerve cells was found in the corpus (40.92 ± 0.84%), slightly smaller in the cardia (37.36 ± 0.71%), and the smallest was in the pylorus (36.87 ± 1.11%) (Figure 2A,D,G)
The results showed that the proportion of GAL-expressing nerve cell bodies simultaneously immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART) increased
Summary
Galanin (GAL) is a 29 (or 30 in humans) amino acid peptide which has widespread distribution in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in peripheral tissues of numerous species, including humans [1,2,3,4]. The occurrence of GAL was observed in both nerve cell bodies and nerve fibres located in different fragments of the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of many species [2,5,6,7]. GAL may act in both an inhibitory or an excitatory role depending on the fragment of GI tract, the species and the experimental conditions [8]. Upregulation of GAL expression in neural structures of the GI tract was demonstrated during experimentally-induced and naturally occurring intestinal inflammation [2,11]. An enhanced percentage of GAL-like (GAL-LI) immunoreactive enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons was observed in injuries of the digestive tract as well as in toxaemia [2,12]
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