Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the microbial community and metabolic profiles in generalized aggressive periodontitis (AgP) using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene high-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 146 subgingival plaque samples and 50 gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from 24 patients with AgP and 10 periodontally healthy subjects (PH). Striking differences were observed in subgingival microbiome and GCF metabolomics between patients with AgP and PH, but not between samples with different probing depths (PDs). Metabolomics analysis combined with enrichment analysis showed that periodontitis significantly altered the concentration of compounds associated with biosynthesis of amino acids (e.g., alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine), galactose metabolism (e.g., myo-inositol, galactose, glucose, and hexitol), and pyrimidine metabolism (e.g., uracil, uridine, beta alanine, and thymine). Correlation analysis showed that the genera with significant difference between AgP and PH were usually significantly correlated with more metabolites, such as Aggregatibacter, Rothia, Peptostreptococcaceae_[XI][G-5], and Bacteroidaceae_[G-1]. While glucose and oxoproline had the most significant correlations with microorganisms. Our results revealed distinct microbial communities and metabolic profiles between AgP and PH. The significant correlation between microbial taxa and metabolites suggested the possible mechanisms for periodontitis. Our results also provided effective approaches for detecting periodontal disease and managing periodontitis.
Highlights
Periodontitis is a kind of inflammatory disease which causes destruction of the ligament and alveolar bone supporting the teeth, is the main cause of tooth loss in adults (Newman et al, 2011; Al-Harthi et al, 2013)
These studies revealed that subgingival microbiome in aggressive periodontitis (AgP) patients were dramatically altered, and periodontitis was not caused by one or several microorganisms, but the community behavior of all bacteria in the subgingival plaque
The results showed that the subgingival plaques of periodontitis patients and healthy subjects formed different clusters and could be separated, while AgP_GD and AgP_GM samples clustered together in every matrix distance which could not be distinguished from each other (Figure 1)
Summary
Periodontitis is a kind of inflammatory disease which causes destruction of the ligament and alveolar bone supporting the teeth, is the main cause of tooth loss in adults (Newman et al, 2011; Al-Harthi et al, 2013). Only a few studies applying high-throughput sequencing were conducted to assess the differences between subgingival bacterial compositions in patients with AgP and periodontally healthy subjects (PH; Shi et al, 2018; Schulz et al, 2019; Wei et al, 2019). These studies revealed that subgingival microbiome in AgP patients were dramatically altered, and periodontitis was not caused by one or several microorganisms, but the community behavior of all bacteria in the subgingival plaque. Microbiome research needs to study the metabolic activities of microorganisms and their role in the pathogenesis of diseases (Shaffer et al, 2017)
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