Abstract
Nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial disease related to genetic disorders and environmental factors. Kidney stones are more common in adults and are associated with several metabolic and anatomical disorders. The major anatomical abnormalities, such as obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction, horseshoe kidney, complete or incomplete duplicated ureter, bifid pelvis, and medullary sponge kidney, are known to be responsible for stone formation. The objective of this study is to evaluate anatomical alterations in patients with nephrolithiasis in our region. Retrospective study on 1,378 patients with evidence of recent formation of kidney stones. Laboratory investigation and chemical analysis were performed when stones were available. Renal imaging techniques comprised at least renal ultrasound and excretory urography. Of the 1,378 patients with nephrolithiasis cared for, only 367 (26.5%) (mean age, 36.8 ± 4.3 years) underwent anatomical investigation, of whom 198 (54.5%) were females. At least one anatomical alteration was found in 132 (36%) patients, the most common being renal cyst, completely or incompletely duplicated ureter, and obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction. Anatomical alterations were found in 36% of the investigated patients. Renal cyst, ureteral duplication, and obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction were the most frequently found anatomical alterations in the group.
Highlights
Nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial disease related to genetic disorders and environmental factors
This study aimed at describing anatomical alterations in a cohort of patients admitted for metabolic investigation of urinary lithiasis in the western region of the State of Paraná, Brazil
This study assessed the medical records of patients with recent evidence of lithiasis, who were referred to the Nephrology Outpatient Clinic of the Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná for metabolic investigation by the outpatient clinic of Urology, from December 2001 to December 2008
Summary
Nephrolithiasis is a multifactorial disease related to genetic disorders and environmental factors. At least one anatomical alteration was found in 132 (36%) patients, the most common being renal cyst, completely or incompletely duplicated ureter, and obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction. Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the urinary tract, with an incidence ranging from 5% to 15% of the population for both sexes, and prevalence of 2% to 3% in the general population.[1] Several metabolic disorders, such as hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, and hyperuricosuria, are associated with renal lithiasis.[2]. The following congenital or acquired anatomical alterations cause urinary stasis, predisposing to stone formation in the urinary tract: stenosis of the ureteropelvic junction; horseshoe kidney; vesical diverticula; medullary sponge kidney; caliceal cysts.[3]. This study aimed at describing anatomical alterations in a cohort of patients admitted for metabolic investigation of urinary lithiasis in the western region of the State of Paraná, Brazil. The complete anatomical investigation comprised at least ultrasound of the urinary tract and excretory urography
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