Alteraciones de coloración en el plumaje de aves silvestres del Ecuador

Objective Despite the recognition that refugees should have equitable access to healthcare services, this presents considerable challenges, particularly in rural and regional areas. Because general practitioners (GPs) are critical to resettlement for refugees and play a crucial role in understanding their specific health and social issues, it is important to know more about the needs of GPs. Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 GPs and GP registrars who trained with a New South Wales regional training provider with the aim of assessing the needs and attitudes of GPs in treating refugees and the perceived effect that refugees have on their practice. Results The interviews, while acknowledging well-recognised issues such as language and culture, also highlighted particular issues for rural and regional areas, such as employment and community support. International medical graduates identified with resettlement problems faced by refugees and are a potential resource for these patients. A need for greater information for GPs regarding services available to help manage refugees in rural and regional areas and greater access to those services was demonstrated. Conclusions Issues such as time, costs, language and culture were recognised as challenges in providing services for refugees. GPs highlighted particular issues for rural and regional areas in addressing refugee health, such as finding jobs, problems with isolation and the effect of lack of anonymity in such communities. These social factors have implications for the health of the refugees, especially psychological health, which is also challenged by poor resources. What is known about the topic? Providing refugees equitable access to healthcare services presents considerable challenges, particularly in rural and regional areas. Time, language and culture are commonly reported barriers in providing services for this population group. What does this paper add? There are particular issues for rural and regional areas in addressing refugee health, including finding jobs, problems with isolation and the effect of lack of anonymity in rural communities. These social factors have implications for the health of refugees, especially psychological health, which is also challenged by a paucity of services. The findings of this study suggest that international medical graduate doctors identified with resettlement problems faced by refugees and may be an important resource for these patients. This study highlights the awareness, empathy and positive attitudes of GPs in regional and rural areas in their approach to treating patients with a refugee background. What are the implications for practitioners? International medical graduates often identify with resettlement problems faced by refugees and are an important resource for these patients. A need for greater information for GPs regarding services available to help manage refugees in rural and regional areas and greater access to those services was demonstrated.

The Sub‐Angstroem‐Low‐Voltage‐Electron‐Microscope (SALVE) corrector was designed and built by the CEOS GmbH for the SALVE III project [1], a joined project of the group of Prof. Dr. Ute Kaiser at the University of Ulm (Germany), FEI company in Eindhoven (Netherlands) and CEOS GmbH (Germany). This C c ‐C s ‐corrector is a dedicated low‐voltage corrector based on the so‐called Rose‐Kuhn‐Design [2], operated in a cubed FEI Titan Themis TEM for acceleration voltages from 20kV to 80kV. For all these high tensions it can be aligned such that it provides uniform phase contrast transfer for all image features up to an aperture angle of θ max = 50mrad and at the same time for a considerable field of view. To achieve such an excellent performance the corrector allows correcting all axial aberrations of fourth order and for certain unround axial aberrations of fifth order. Furthermore, C 5 can be adjusted to its optimum positive value for bright atom contrast. All axial aberrations up to third order and all off‐axial aberrations up to third order depending linearly on the distance from the axis can be adjusted. For all residual axial aberrations of fourth and fifth order, the lower order aberrations of same respective multiplicity can be adjusted for optimal compensation. This means that the integrated squared deviation from the ideal phase shift (±π/2 in case of C 1 , C 3 , C 5 and zero for all other multiplicities) over the entire aperture is minimized for each azimuthal multiplicity separately [3]. The predicted performance of the corrector has already been demonstrated for the five acceleration voltages 20kV, 30kV, 40kV, 60kV and 80kV [4]. Figure 1 (a) shows that even within the largest field of view reasonable with the mounted Ceta 4k camera the wave aberration hardly changes up to a scattering angle of 50mrad. Since the corrector will also be used together with a post column energy filter, we currently investigate both, theoretically and experimentally, how the optical performance of an EFTEM image is affected by the corrector. After correction of the linear chromatic aberration C c , an energy window of at least 20eV can be transferred by the corrector with a negligible focus change even at a beam energy of 20keV, see figure 1 (b). However, there are many more potentially harmful types of chromatic aberrations to consider for an EFTEM image of a given finite width of the energy window: Axial chromatic aberrations (depending on scattering angle and energy loss) can deteriorate the quality of the axial PCTF. For large EFTEM windows also the chromatic spherical aberration has to be taken into account. Off‐axial chromatic aberrations (depending on scattering angle, distance from the axis and energy loss) can effectively decrease the field of view, because they affect the quality of the transfer function in the outer image parts. Chromatic distortions (depending on distance from the axis and energy loss) can deteriorate the information limit in the outer regions of an EFTEM image. Residual dispersions of higher order in energy change could affect the information limit of all regions of the EFTEM image. In this work we will analyze in detail how the residual higher order chromatic aberrations, the remaining chromatic distortions and the residual dispersions of the SALVE corrector affect the EFTEM performance. [5]

In the central Monte desert in Argentina, feeding site selection by seed-eating birds and their high abundance associated with the presence of trees (particularly Algarrobos Prosopis flexuosa) are well known patterns during the breeding season, but these associations disappear during autumn and winter. In order to understand habitat selection by these bird species, we assessed the importance of Algarrobos during the defence and establishment of breeding territories in the open Algarrobo woodland of the central Monte desert for the three most common resident seed-eating birds: Ringed Warbling-finch Microspingus torquatus, Many-coloured Chaco Finch Saltatricula multicolor and Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis. Despite some ecological differences between the species (e.g. nest site selection, feeding behaviour) all of them selected Algarrobos as song posts. Height, density and spatial configuration of these trees were features associated with the selection of territories. The patterns of selection we found at previously unexplored spatial scales (territory and within-territory) and associated with territorial defence, provided plausible explanations to seasonal shifts in the space use reported for central Monte desert seed-eating birds and highlight the close link between central Monte desert avifauna and Algarrobos. As in many arid regions, tall scattered trees are keystone features of the central Monte desert and management plans should be implemented in order to stop the current degradation and loss of these arid woodlands.

In texts on geometrical optics and lens design usually two types of chromatic aberrations are discussed: longitudinal and transverse. From basic considerations on first order geometrical optics follows that, for an axially symmetric system there are three paraxial constants. Therefore three, instead of two types of chromatic aberrations can be discerned. The third, new, chromatic aberration can be called chromatic pupil aberration. We describe the consequences of this aberration for the color correction of optical systems, and show that stable chromatic correction requires the elimination of all three chromatic errors. We give expressions that can be used in the lay-out of optical systems. In teaching geometrical optics it is necessary to determine the generic aberrations of a system of given symmetry from first principles: our treatment of chromatic aberrations is an example of this necessity.

Abstract. Suroso, Iskandar J, Withaningsih S, Nurjaman D, Iskandar BS. 2023. Bird population and bird hunting in the rural ecosystem of Cijambu, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 4470-4484. Some rural West Java ecosystems have a high bird species diversity because they have forests, bamboo talun, mixed gardens, rice fields, and homegardens. Rapid population expansion, illicit bird shooting, forest degradation and conversion, and pesticide pollution have reduced rural bird species diversity. This study examined bird diversity in natural forests, coffee agroforestry, vegetable gardens, and bird hunting. Quantitative and qualitative research were used. The point count approach investigates bird species and populations, whereas detailed interviews with knowledgeable informants are used to study bird hunting. In natural forests, vegetable gardens, and coffee agroforestry, 67 species from 39 bird groups were found. The bird species diversity index in three habitats: vegetable garden (H'=2.59), coffee agroforestry (H'=2.97), and natural forest (H'=2.96). Based on the Sorensen Similarity Index, bird species in in vegetable garden and coffee agroforestry, vegetable garden and natural forest, and coffee agroforestry and natural forest had a similarity index of 31.03%, 22.22%, and 52.05%, respectively. These findings suggest that bird species may prefer coffee agroforestry over vegetable gardens. The coffee agroforestry system can generate complex vegetation canopy stratification with a multi-layered vegetation canopy, resembling natural forest stratification. Illegal hunting of bird species for trade is one of the causes of the decline in bird populations in rural ecosystems of West Java, including in Cijambu Village. The coffee agroforestry provides a habitat for rural birds.

In Asia, the incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is lower than in Western countries. Only a few studies of CLL have been conducted in Korea, and no long-term clinical outcome data are available. We assessed the frequency of common chromosomal aberrations in Korean CLL patients using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and investigated their relationship to clinical outcomes. Between 2000 and 2011, conventional cytogenetic studies were performed in 58 patients, and FISH results were available in 48 patients. We used six DNA probes for the detection of del(13q14), trisomy 12, del(11q22), del(17p13), IGH rearrangement and del(6q23). Chromosomal aberrations were identified in 15 of 58 patients (26%) with conventional cytogenetic studies and in 25 of 48 patients (52%) with interphase FISH, including six patients with complex karyotypes. In contrast with the results of Western studies, trisomy 12 was the most common aberration, followed by IGH rearrangement, del(13q14), del(11q22) and del(17p13). Deletion of 6q23 was not observed, and isolated del(13q14) was less frequent than in Western studies. Compared with the other types of chromosomal aberrations, patients with del(11q22) and del(17p13) were more likely to be Rai stage 3-4 and Binet stage C, resulting in poor responses to chemotherapy and worse outcomes. In contrast, patient with trisomy 12 and isolated del(13q14) showed better responses and superior survival outcomes. The incidence of CLL is lower in Korea than in Western countries, and the frequency of chromosomal aberrations differs, perhaps reflecting differences in the pathogenic mechanism between ethnicities. Large prospective studies are needed to further assess the prognostic value of these results in Korean CLL patients.

The electron beam profile is one of the most important parameters of a storage ring accelerator. This paper presented the design study of one type of beam profile monitor by using synchrotron radiation which was emitted by the electron beam. The beam profile monitor system needs an optical system to image the synchrotron light onto a high resolution image sensor, The system is intended for monitoring 100 mm beam size. Therefore, the aberrations of the system has been studied. Those include the calculation and the reduction of monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. The experimental setup for measuring those aberrations in order to calibrate the results of the beam measurement are presented. We also discussed the synchrotron radiation power consideration for choosing a suitable image sensor. >

The South American dry Chaco is a mosaic of woody vegetation and grasslands with high deforestation rates in recent decades. Considering forests and grasslands as the main natural habitats, we assessed the trade-offs between bird populations and agricultural production to compare the potential consequences of different land use strategies (‘sharing’, ‘sparing’, and intermediate) for populations of bird species sensitive to agriculture, while attaining a regional production target. We evaluated how populations responded to scenarios with different proportions of forest and grasslands, considering three reference states (100% forest, 80:20% and 50:50% forest and grasslands, respectively); and scenarios capable of meeting three after-farming scenarios, with land destined to reach a regional production target with three variations of forest:grasslands within spared land. We fitted curves to relate bird abundance to agricultural yield along a gradient of meat production intensity; and we classified bird species as ‘losers’ (if their populations were lower than the baseline population in the reference state, at any level of production) and ‘winners’ (if their current populations were higher than the baseline population). At the ‘current’ (c. 2010) level of regional agricultural production, we found a similar number of loser species maximized by land-sparing and land-sharing strategies; while intermediate strategies were the least favourable to balance production and bird populations. Under the most probable scenarios of increases in regional meat production, most loser bird species populations were maximized by a land-sparing strategy, suggesting that if meat production targets are going to increase in the region, this can be more efficiently achieved by combining well-protected forests and grasslands, and high-yielding mechanized agriculture (e.g. soybean). Our results highlight the importance of assessing all the important natural habitats (e.g. forests and grasslands) of a region to explore conservation strategies at a regional scale.

The Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) initiated one of the most sweeping changes to forest management in the world, affecting 10 million hectares of federal land. The NWFP is a science-based plan incorporating monitoring and adaptive management and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the influence of policy. We used >25 years of region-wide bird surveys, forest data, and land-ownership maps to test this policy's effect on biodiversity. Clearcutting decreased rapidly, and we expected populations of older-forest-associated birds to stabilize on federal land, but to continue declining on private industrial lands where clearcutting continued. In contrast, we expected declines in early-seral-associated species on federal land because of reduced anthropogenic disturbance since the NWFP. Bayesian hierarchical models revealed that bird species' population trends tracked changes in forest composition. However, against our expectations, declines of birds associated with older forests accelerated. These declines are partly explained by losses of older forests due to fire on federal land and continued clearcutting elsewhere. Indeed, the NWFP anticipated that reversing declines of older forests would take time. Overall, the early-seral ecosystem area was stable, but declined in two ecoregions-the Coast Range and Cascades-along with early-seral bird populations. Although the NWFP halted clearcutting on federal land, this has so far been insufficient to reverse declines in older-forest-associated bird populations. These findings underscore the importance of continuing to prioritize older forests under the NWFP and ensuring that the recently proposed creation of early-seral ecosystems does not impede the conservation and development of older-forest structure.

SummaryThe declining-population paradigm holds that small populations are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic influences such as habitat destruction, pollution and species introductions. While the effects of particular stressors, such as parasitism, may be unimportant in a large, healthy population, they can be serious and even devastating in situations characterised by a restricted geographic range, or by fragmented or reduced population sizes. We apply this idea to nest parasitism of threatened Neotropical bird species that exist in small populations, focusing on dipteran nest parasites in the genusPhilornis. We review the literature onPhilornisparasitism exerting negative pressure on bird populations that have become small and isolated due to human actions and present a new case ofPhilornisparasitism of a threatened hummingbird species. Our aim is to raise awareness about the exacerbating effect that nest parasites can have on small and declining bird populations; especially when biological information is scarce. The five reviewed cases involve two species of Darwin’s Finches in the Galápagos Islands attacked by the invasiveP. downsi, two species of hawks on islands in the Caribbean attacked by the nativeP. piciandP. obscura, and the Yellow CardinalGubernatrix cristatain southern South America attacked by an unknownPhilornisspecies. We also present new documentation of parasitism of a threatened hummingbird species in mainland Ecuador by an unidentifiedPhilornisspecies. We recommend more field studies to determine the presence of nest parasites in bird populations worldwide to improve understanding how nest parasites affect bird fitness and population viability and to allow time to act in advance if needed. Parasitism byPhilornismay represent a severe mortality factor in most already threatened bird species, putting them at greater risk of extinction. Therefore, parasitism management should be included in all threatened species recovery plans.

In an age when many fan activities are undertaken via online networks, devotees of long-dead Australian author Henry Lawson are predominantly bound by face-to-face participation in shared commemorative events. Traditionally seen by fans and readers as 'the Mate of Australia', Lawson is a figure who has inspired a constellation of transformative fan practices ranging from impersonation to extreme outback pilgrimages. Based on interviews with fans and participant observation, this article will show Henry Lawson Society events are intrinsically interactive, encouraging all members to participate in a variety of modes, through visual art, music, poetry and theatre. I argue that Henry Lawson fans are productive rather than critical, circulating their homages within a well-defined community of interest. I argue that Henry Lawson fans re-deploy texts in creative ways in order to make sense of their own social experience. Through a study the fan activities of passionate amateurs - such as Henry Lawson Literary and Memorial Society members - 'nonauthorised' ways of interpreting texts may be discerned, providing alternatives to the 'suspicious reading' of critics.

Information about the relative frequency and geographical variation of colour aberrations in birds is rare. By entering the word Magpie Pica pica in 37 European languages into an Internet search engine, I was able to trace 3,974 photographs in 2015 and 3,672 photographs in 2016 in more than 40 countries. By analysing the photographs, I found a significant difference in the frequency of aberrant Magpies, with the frequency increasing northwards and decreasing eastwards. Leucism was the most common aberration, followed by brown (brown and ino) and dilute. Despite some changes in the number of Magpie pictures found for each language between the two years, the numbers correlated strongly. The percentage of aberrant Magpies found for each language in 2015 correlated significantly with the percentage in 2016. While using pictures obtained from the Internet has inherent biases and limitations, it is also a useful new tool revealing patterns in geographical variation in aberrant colouration in several bird species, and allowing us, eventually, to understand the differences.

One of the crucial aspects of the environmental protection is continuous monitoring of environment. Specific aspect is estimation of the bird species population. It is particularly important for bird species being in danger of extinction. Avian monitoring programs are time and money consuming actions which usually base on terrain expeditions. Certain remedy for this can be automatic acoustical avian monitoring system, described in the paper. Main components of the designed system are: digital audio recorder for bird voices acquisition, computer program automatically recognizing bird species by its signals emitted (voices or others) and object-relational database accessed via the Internet. Optional system components can be: digital camera and camcorder, bird attracting device, wireless data transmission module, power supply with solar panel, portable weather station. The system records bird voices and sends the recordings to the database. Recorded bird voices can be also provoked by the attracting device. Application of wireless data transmission module and power supply with solar panel allows long term operation of digital sound recorder in a hard accessible terrain. Recorded bird voices are analysed by the computer program and labelled with the automatically recognized bird species. Recognition accuracy of the program can be optionally enhanced by an expert system. Besides of labelled sound recordings, database can store also many other information like: photos and films accompanying recorded bird voices/ sounds, information about localization of observation/ recordings (GPS position, description of a place of an observation), information about bird features and behaviour, meteorological information, etc. Database on the base of geographical/ geological digital maps can generate actual maps of bird population (presence, number of individuals of each species). Moreover data-base can trigger alerts in case of rapidly decreasing bird population. It is also possible to obtain new knowledge about bird species with data mining methods. The paper presents collected data on observed bird species (audio recordings, photos and films) as well as results of experiments testing particular components of the automatic acoustical avian monitoring system.

In non-rotationally symmetric optical systems, chromatic aberrations must be defined in a generalized way with reference to the optical axis ray and optimal tilted parabasal image plane of the central wavelength. In this paper, the definition of generalized chromatic aberrations is clarified. The mathematical calculation in optical systems with arbitrary symmetry and surface shape is realized by ray- and wavefront-based methods, respectively, that are originally identical. The additivity of wavefront after each surface ensures the surface decomposition of chromatic aberrations. In the end, the influence of pupil aberration, which is of a higher order, is discussed. The consistency of our methods with Seidel aberrations in the lowest aberration order of the rotationally symmetric system and the application of our methods in diverse non-rotationally symmetric refractive systems will be addressed in detail in Part II.

Winter migratory birds gather in paddy rice fields to feed shed rice grains. The Korean Ministry of Environment has practiced a policy program Contract on Paddy Field Management (CPFM) during winter fallow since 2002. This program starts with a contract between local governments and farmers, and the government pays a differential subsidy to farmers who finish spreading rice straw, cultivating barley, letting the whole rice plant without harvest, and submerging paddy fields for winter migratory birds. As more local governments have operated CPFM program, the total area on the contract and subsidy budget has increased yearly since 2002. This program could have its stable position as a successful policy by giving profits to farmers. With the program extended, the population of winter migratory birds has been greatly. For the evaluation of environmental performance of a policy, we analyzed this CPFM program by introducing some indicators in the form of Driving Force-State-Response Framework. The indicators were composed of 3 categorized indicators; the area of paddy land contracted under this program as 'driving force' indicator, population of birds, the number of bird species and the amount of feces as 'state' indicators, and the size of monetary support, the number of farmers or local governments participating, and public perception as 'response' indicators. The contract area of paddy field under CPFM could be a good biodiversity indicator reflecting potential performance of this policy measure in the light of its linkage to the population of winter migratory birds. And the share of CPFM land of the whole agricultural land might also be used as a useful indicator of policy evaluation for improvement of wildlife diversity. The 'state' indicators such as population of birds and the number of bird species could be matched to 'driving force' indicator, but the total CPFM area of each site could not reflect the effect of areas under different management practices. However, the amount of bird feces could reflect differences in environmental performance with management practices as 'state' indicators. The development of indicators indicating 'response' such as farmers' behavior, public perception, and policy makers' willingness is also needed to support a successful implementation and improvement of this policy measure with the development of 'performance' indicators integrating all these indicators.