Abstract
Alphaviruses cause debilitating disease in humans and animals and are transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods, typically mosquitoes. With a traditional focus on two models, Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus, alphavirus research has significantly intensified in the last decade partly due to the re-emergence and dramatic expansion of chikungunya virus in Asia, Europe, and the Americas. As a consequence, alphavirus–host interactions are now understood in much more molecular detail, and important novel mechanisms have been elucidated. It has become clear that alphaviruses not only cause a general host shut-off in infected vertebrate cells, but also specifically suppress different host antiviral pathways using their viral nonstructural proteins, nsP2 and nsP3. Here we review the current state of the art of alphavirus host cell shut-off of viral transcription and translation, and describe recent insights in viral subversion of interferon induction and signaling, the unfolded protein response, and stress granule assembly.
Highlights
The Alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae contains about 30 viruses, most of which are transmitted between vertebrate hosts by mosquito vectors
Most of the work summarized in this review is based on the model alphaviruses Sindbis virus (SINV), Semliki Forest virus (SFV), and, to a lesser extent, chikungunya virus (CHIKV)
While all alphaviruses fall within a single genus in the Togaviridae family, the diversity is large, with respect to host and vector range, and with respect to their persistence in arthropods and their pathogenesis in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates
Summary
The Alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae contains about 30 viruses, most of which are transmitted between vertebrate hosts by mosquito vectors. India autochthonous transmission of occurred on the European continent, infecting a major outbreak, resulting in more than 1.4 million infected individuals. 2014, was again transmitted on European territory in the southeast of France the distribution of CHIKV over the American continent had expanded, infecting over a million people [15,16]. The 5’ ORF is directly translated from the genomic RNA into a polyprotein that contains the four to remain endemic decades to1234, come. The 5’ ORF is directly translated(MTAse) from the genomic into activities a polyprotein that the four the viral RNA [20,21]. World alphaviruses inhibit antiviral responses by modulating host cell transcriptional transcriptional and translational processes and specific major antiviral and andtranslational stress processes and specific major antiviral and stress responses
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