Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals and severely damage health. Alphaherpesvirus infection is a slow and orderly process that can lie dormant for the lifetime of the host but may be reactivated when the immune system is compromised. All alphaherpesviruses feature a protein layer called the tegument that lies between the capsid and the envelope. Virus protein (VP) 22 is one of the most highly expressed tegument proteins; there are more than 2,000 copies of this protein in each viral particle. VP22 can interact with viral proteins, cellular proteins, and chromatin, and these interactions play important roles. This review summarizes the latest literature and discusses the roles of VP22 in viral gene transcription, protein synthesis, virion assembly, and viral cell-to-cell spread with the purpose of enhancing understanding of the life cycle of herpesviruses and other pathogens in host cells. The molecular interaction information herein provides important reference data.
Highlights
The members of Herpesviridae are double-stranded DNA viruses with a tegument structure (Crump, 2018)
Packaged into virions VP22-gM association may be dynamic, packaged into virions Mediates the interaction of the HSV-1 capsid with gD VP22 is required for virion assembly of ICP0 This interaction is not required to package VP22 into virion; Packaged VP22 into virions Packaged into virions Packaged into virions In the absence of gM, the assembly of gN into viral membrane Forms a complex with other tegument proteins in the cytoplasm at late stages of infection varicella-zoster virus (VZV) particle membrane assembly and secondary envelopment The primary envelopment of VZV virions and the nucleation of virions
The proteins encoded by the HSV-1 UL47, UL49, and US11 genes can bind to RNA in host cells and be packaged into viral particles that are capable of carrying the proteins to newly infected cells for expression, thereby creating an environment that is conducive to effective triggering of infection (Sciortino et al, 2002)
Summary
The members of Herpesviridae are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses with a tegument structure (Crump, 2018). The core region (amino acids 1–190) at the N-terminus of MDV VP22 is essential for virus spread, nuclear localization, histone association, and cell cycle regulation.
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