Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG), a critical molecule in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is beneficial to intestinal functions. However, its influence on intestinal microbiota and metabolism is not fully understood. We investigated the effects of a low-protein (LP) diet supplemented with AKG on cecal microbial communities and the parameters of microbial metabolism in growing pigs. Twenty-seven young pigs (Large White × Landrace) with an average initial body weight of 11.96 ± 0.18 kg were randomly allotted into three groups (n = 9): a normal protein (NP) diet containing 20% crude protein (CP); LP diet formulated with 17% CP (LP diet); or LP diet supplemented with 10 g kg-1 of AKG (ALP diet). After a 35-day trial period, the digesta of the cecum were collected to analyze the concentrations of ammonia and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). We also performed a microbial analysis. Although no significant differences were found in performance among the diet groups, pigs fed the ALP diet had greater average daily gain (ADG) when compared with those in the LP group. Experimental diet did not affect cecal bacterial richness or diversity, as determined by Chao1 and ACE species richness measures and Shannon and Simpson indices, respectively. The predominant phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria increased in relative abundances in the cecum of pigs fed ALP diet. At the genus level, compared to the LP diet, the ALP diet significantly increased the abundances of Lachnospiraceae UCG-005, Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, Phascolarctobacterium and Parabacteroides, while decreased Vibrio and Maritalea. Pigs fed the ALP diet increased Oribacterium and Lachnoclostridium when compared with the NP diet. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed that the distribution of microbiota at each group was distinctly clustered separately along principal coordinate. In addition, quantitative PCR revealed that the ALP diet was also associated with increases in the amounts of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus, but a decrease in the level of Escherichia coli. Compared with the NP diet, the ALP diet enhanced the concentrations of valerate and propionate. This ALP diet also increased the concentrations of valerate and isobutyrate when compared with the LP diet. Moreover, the ALP diet was linked with a significant decline in the concentration of ammonia in the cecum. These results indicate that a LP diet supplemented with AKG can alter the balance in microbial communities, increasing the population of SCFA-producing bacteria and the amounts of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, while reducing the counts of Escherichia coli and the amount of ammonia in the cecum.
Highlights
The gut microbiota play a critical role in regulating and controlling of host energy metabolism (Cani and Delzenne, 2009; Yan et al, 2012)
We have previously shown that dietary supplementation with AKG can potentially promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, improve intestinal microbial populations, modulate the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and decrease the level of NH3 in the gut of growing pigs (Chen et al, 2017b)
No significant differences were found in average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.099), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P = 0.282), or feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) (P = 0.326)
Summary
The gut microbiota play a critical role in regulating and controlling of host energy metabolism (Cani and Delzenne, 2009; Yan et al, 2012). Proteins and their amino acid-derived metabolites can affect the interactions between the gut microbiota and metabolism (Metges, 2000). Undigested protein in the large intestine can be fermented by indigenous bacteria to form amino acid-derived metabolites (Nyangale et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2016), such as ammonia (NH3), branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, and indolic and phenolic compounds, all of which can possibly have toxic impacts on the intestinal epithelium (Geypens et al, 1997; Luo et al, 2015). The level of protein in the diet affect the composition and metabolism of bacteria, the crystalline amino acids (AAs) -supplemented low-protein (LP) diet may decrease the formation of protein fermentation products, and alter microbial communities in the large intestine (Zhou et al, 2015; Zhang et al, 2016). It is important that both researchers and swine managers understand how dietary interventions can lead to differential effects on microbial composition and fermentation
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