Abstract
Extracts of ten selected ascidians with a reputation of usefulness in treating diabetes were examined for alpha-amylase inhibition using an in vitro model. The extract with the highest activity was selected for further characterization. From the results ethyl acetate showed predominant amylase inhibition activity for all species and the maximum level of inhibition was recorded in Phallusia mammillata (68%) at 300 µg/mL and the lowest activity was noted in Microcosmus squamiger (12%) at 200 µg/mL. After preliminary results, the methanolic extract of P. mammallita were further assayed for confirmation of enzyme inhibition and the maximum results (82%) were obtained at 250 µg/mL and the IC50 value of P. mammillata were evidenced at 145.0 ± 0.4 µg/g. In the present study, P. mammillata indicated the maximum ?-amylase activity without toxic effects. Similarly, ?-glucosidase and ?-amylase inhibitor bromophenol, C6H5BrO was produced by P. mammillata.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes is one of the primary threats to human health due to increasing prevalence, chronic course and disabling complications (Bhandari et al, 2008)
Ethyl acetate showed predominant amylase inhibition activity for all species and the maximum level of inhibition is recorded at P. mammillata (68%) at 300 μg/ mL the lowest activity was noted in M. squamiger (12%) at 200 μg/mL (Table I)
ǂ-glucosidase and ǂ-amylase inhibitor bromophenol, C6H5BrO, is produced by P. mammillata. It has been used in the therapy of type II diabetes mellitus, in order to enable patients to control blood sugar contents while living with starch-containing diets
Summary
Type 2 diabetes is one of the primary threats to human health due to increasing prevalence, chronic course and disabling complications (Bhandari et al, 2008). Some inhibitors currently in clinical use are acarbose and miglitol which inhibit glycosidases such as ǃ-glucosidase and ǂamylase while others such as voglibose inhibit ǂglucosidase. Many of these synthetic hypoglycemic agents have their limitations, are non-specific, produce serious side effects and fail to alleviate diabetic complications. Pharmacological properties of ǂglucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose that can inhibit pancreatic ǂ-amylase revealed that the complications of diabetes mellitus such as onset of renal, retinal, lens and neurological changes and the development of ischemic myocardial lesions are prevented or delayed (Kotowaroo et al, 2006)
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