ALLOZYME DIVERSITY WITHIN AND DIVERGENCE AMONG FOUR SPECIES OF ROBINSONIA (ASTERACEAE: SENECIONEAE), A GENUS ENDEMIC TO THE JUAN FERNANDEZ ISLANDS, CHILE

Abstract

Enzyme electrophoresis was employed to assess genetic diversity within and divergence among four species of Robinsonia (R. evenia, R. gayana, R. gracilis, R. thurifera), a genus endemic to the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile. The genus consists of treelike perennial plants, and all species are dioecious. Morphological diversity within the genus is reflected by recognition of two subgenera, with three sections in one subgenus. Total gene diversity is highest in the two species (R. gayana and R. gracilis) that are most common and have the largest population sizes. Robinsonia evenia has only half and the rare R. thurifera only 20% of the diversity detected in the other two species. The diversity measured in R. gayana and R. gracilis is comparable to the values typical of continental species of flowering plants with similar life history attributes. The genetic identities between species range from 0.560 to 0.706, which is similar to or below many values for congeneric species, but much lower than most reports for congeners on oceanic islands. The higher diversity within and divergence among species of Robinsonia compared to many insular endemics may result from several factors. The genus probably arose from selfincompatible plants of the genus Senecio, which means that several to perhaps many colonizers carried considerable allozymic variation to the Islands. Large population sizes and obligate outcrossing are additional factors that would account for higher diversity. Sorting of alleles during radiation and the process of mutation probably combined to produce divergence among the species. Estimated divergence times calculated for the species from allozyme data range from 1.7 to 5.5 million years depending on the assumptions made in the calculations; the age of the island (Masatierra) on which these four species are confined is approximately 4.0 million years. The electrophoretic data suggest that Robinsonia arrived early in the archipelago, and radiated and speciated rapidly after colonization.