Allopurinol augmentation in the outpatient treatment of bipolar mania: a pilot study

Abstract

Allopurinol promotes the salvage of purines, possibly increasing endogenous adenosine levels. Recent studies suggest that adenosine has neuroprotective and inhibitory effects. Two previous inpatient trials demonstrated that allopurinol has anti-manic activity. Our objective was to test allopurinol as an adjunct to standard medications in bipolar disorder manic outpatients. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 27 subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for bipolar disorder and scored ≥ 14 on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were randomized to augmentation with allopurinol or placebo for six weeks. The primary efficacy measure was the YMRS. The primary safety measure was the Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale. The effect of allopurinol augmentation in decreasing mean YMRS scores was modest, with an overall effect size of -0.25 (Cohen's d). Allopurinol-treated individuals who abstained from caffeine (n = 4) had a greater decrease in YMRS scores (-15.3 ± 1.8) than subjects using caffeine (n = 5) (-9.6 ± 3.4, p = 0.219), with an effect size of -0.86. In this small outpatient pilot study, allopurinol augmentation did not show a statistically significant improvement over placebo in attenuating manic symptoms. Subjects with restricted caffeine use showed a greater effect size compared to caffeine users. This finding may be interpreted as corroborating the hypothesized mechanism of action of allopurinol's anti-manic effect in previous studies.