Abstract
To clarify the anti-obesity effect of Allomyrina dichotoma larvae (ADL), we previously reported that ADL block adipocyte differentiation on 3T3-L1 cell lines through downregulation of transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBPA). In this study, we tested whether ADL prevent obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and further investigated the mechanism underlying the effects of ADL. All mice were maintained on a normal-fat diet (NFD) for 1 week and then assigned to one of five treatment groups: (1) NFD; (2) HFD; (3) HFD and 100 mg·kg−1·day−1 ADL; (4) HFD and 3000 mg·kg−1·day−1ADL; or (5) HFD and 3000 mg·kg−1·day−1 yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis, positive control). ADL and yerba mate were administered orally daily. Mice were fed experimental diets and body weight was monitored weekly for 6 weeks. Our results indicated that ADL reduced body weight gain, organ weight and adipose tissue volume in a dose-dependent manner. Body weight gain was approximately 22.4% lower compared to mice fed only HFD, but the difference did not reach the level of statistical significance. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that gene expression levels of PPARG, CEBPA and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) in the epididymal fat tissue of HFD-fed mice receiving 3000 mg·kg−1·day−1 ADL were reduced by 12.4-, 25.7-, and 12.3-fold, respectively, compared to mice fed HFD only. Moreover, mice administered ADL had lower serum levels of triglycerides and leptin than HFD-fed mice that did not receive ADL. Taken together our results suggest that ADL and its constituent bioactive compounds hold potential for the treatment and prevention of obesity.
Highlights
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease caused by an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure [1].The prevalence of obesity is a public health issue, because it is a major risk factor for hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer [2]
We reported that A. dichotoma larvae (ADL) inhibited in vitro differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes via downregulation of transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (CEBPA) [18]
In accord with this report, here we found that PPARG, CEBPA and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression in epididymal adipose tissue was suppressed in the high-fat diet (HFD) + Allomyrina dichotoma larvae (ADL) group relative to the HFD group
Summary
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease caused by an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure [1].The prevalence of obesity is a public health issue, because it is a major risk factor for hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer [2]. The accumulation of excess fat in obesity increases the number and size of adipocytes derived from fibroblastic preadipocytes in adipose tissue [3]. To effectively treat for obesity-related diseases, it is important to prevent differentiation that leads to an increase in the number of mature adipocytes [6]. Owing to the adverse side effects associated with many anti-obesity drugs, more recent trials have focused on natural compounds reported to have minimal side effects [7]. Crude extracts and compounds isolated from plants have been studied to treat obesity [8,9], and interest in insect-based bioactive compounds has recently grown [10], few insect-derived compounds have been studied in relation to obesity until now
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