Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-based therapeutics is already available for treatment of a range of diseases or medical conditions. Autologous or allogeneic MSCs obtained from self or donors have their own advantages and disadvantages in their medical practice. Therapeutic benefits of using autologous vs. allogeneic MSCs are inconclusive. Transplanted MSCs within the body interact with their physical microenvironment or niche, physiologically or pathologically, and such cells in a newly established tissue microenvironment may be impacted by the pathological harmful environmental factors to alter their unique biological behaviors. Meanwhile, a temporary microenvironment/niche may be also altered by the resident or niche-surrounding MSCs. Therefore, the functional plasticity and heterogeneity of MSCs caused by different donors and subpopulations of MSCs may result in potential uncertainty in their safe and efficacious medical practice. Acknowledging a connection between MSCs’ biology and their existing microenvironment, donor-controlled clinical practice for the long-term therapeutic benefit is suggested to further consider minimizing MSCs potential harm for MSC-based individual therapies. In this review, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of autologous vs. allogeneic MSCs in their therapeutic applications. Among other issues, we highlight the importance of better understanding of the various microenvironments that may affect the properties of niche-surrounding MSCs and discuss the clinical applications of MSCs within different contexts for treatment of different diseases including cardiomyopathy, lupus and lupus nephritis, diabetes and diabetic complications, bone and cartilage repair, cancer and tissue fibrosis.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC), referred to as mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, can differentiate towards mesoderm-derived cell lineages such as osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes [1, 2]
This study demonstrated that allogeneic bone marrow (BM)-derived MSC transplantation is safe and effective for cartilage repair, as evidenced by the quantitative magnetic resonance imaging that indicates the healing of partial articular cartilage and no major adverse events
As of March 2021, there are almost 1000 clinical trials registered on the clinicaltrials.gov [159] using autologous and allogeneic MSCs for treatment of the variety of categories of human diseases and medical conditions
Summary
MSCs, referred to as mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, can differentiate towards mesoderm-derived cell lineages such as osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes [1, 2]. Therapeutic safety and efficacy of using allogeneic BMderived MSCs was reported in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial for treatment of acute MI [49], as showed the improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction and remodeling in MSC-treated patients.
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