Allocation of carbon dioxide emission permits with the minimum cost for Chinese provinces in big data environment

본 연구의 목적은 국산 구조용 집성재를 대상으로, 제조과정의 탄소배출을 정량화하고 탄소배출 저감방안을 제시하는 것이다. 총 2개소의 구조용 집성재 제조업체를 대상으로 원료, 수송, 제조 공정, 제조에 의한 에너지소비량 등을 현장 실사하였다. 현장에서 수집한 자료 및 구축된 전과정목록과 같은 관련문헌을 토대로 단위부피당 탄소배출을 정량화하였다. 국산 구조용 집성재의 제재 및 건조, 집성 공정별 온실가스 배출결과는 각각 31.0, 109.0, 94.2 kg <TEX>$CO_2eq./m^3$</TEX>으로 나타났다. 수입 구조용 집성재와 비교하였을 때 약 13% 온실가스를 적게 배출하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 기존의 건조 에너지원을 바이오매스로 전환시에는 기존 대비 37%의 온실가스를 감축하여 친환경성을 제고할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 본 결과는 향후 목조주택의 환경성을 규명하기 위한 전과정평가 수행 시, 투입된 목재제품의 전과정목록분석을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. This study was aimed to quantify the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and to suggest suitable plans which consider the carbon emission reduction in the manufacturing process of the domestic structural glued laminated timber. Field investigation on two glued laminated timber manufacturers was conducted to find out material flow input values such as raw materials, transportation, manufacturing process, and energy consumption during manufacturing process. Based on the collected data and the relevant literatures about life cycle inventory (LCI), the amount of carbon dioxide emission per unit volume was quantified. Results show that the carbon dioxide emissions for sawing, drying and laminating process are 31.0, 109.0, 94.2 kg <TEX>$CO_2eq./m^3$</TEX>, respectively. These results show 13% lesser amount of total carbon dioxide emissions compared with the imported glued laminated timber in Korea. Furthermore, it was decreased about 37% when the fossil fuel would be replaced with biomass fuel in drying process. Findings from this study is effectively used as the basic data on the life cycle assessment of wooden building.

Life cycle carbon dioxide emissions for fill dams

The number of motor vehicle increases at each year in Indonesia involve much negative impact on human life such as traffic jam. People choose to go by bus to avoid the traffic jam. Another negative impact is an increase amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the air. Replacing motor vehicle to electric vehicle is the better way to decrease amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Range extended electric bus is a type of electric bus which use electric and fuel for energy source. On the basis of a typical Japanese driving cycle, optimal control strategy is designed according to the state of charge (SOC) consumption trend, which is optimized by the dynamic programming (DP) algorithm. The SOC value determines the mileage and fuel consumption, it will be the main goal of energy management. The result show that when REEB go through distance as long as the distance of BRT UNDIP – UNNES bus route, the amount of Japanese driving cycle are 11 cycles. The energy and fuel consumption that optimized by DP strategy can reach 121.66 MJ and 0.0143 L/Km. Compared with the conventional bus, the fuel consumption reach 0.212 L/Km.

Global warming is a critical issue that impacts all countries on earth. Recently, the increase in global warming and the spread of greenhouse gases have been major concerns. The overuse of fossil fuels poses a major danger to global sustainability. The use of fossil fuels plays an important role in greenhouse gas emissions. Fossil fuels are primarily used in the transportation sector. Road transport plays a critical role in the transportation sector. In this study, carbon dioxide emissions from transport in a specific region were analyzed. Particular emphasis is placed on CO2, one of the most significant greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels, in this context. The amount of carbon dioxide emissions from transport in this region, called the Black Sea region, was analyzed from 2013 to 2022. Calculations were performed using the IPCC Tier 1 method, which is one of the methods recommended by the IPCC. As a result, it is seen that the highest carbon dioxide emissions come from diesel fuels. The analysis of the Black Sea region's total carbon dioxide emissions reveals consistent growth in all but 2018 and 2022. In addition, it was determined that the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the region has gradually increased at an alarming level over the years.

Wind erosion is one of the main drivers of soil loss in the world, which affects 20 million hectare land of Iran. Besides the soil loss, wind erosion contributes to carbon dioxide emission from the soil into the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to evaluate monthly and seasonal changes in carbon dioxide emission in four classes i.e., low, moderate, severe and very severe soil erosion and the interactions between air temperature and wind erosion in relation to carbon dioxide emission in the Bordekhun region, Boushehr Province, southwestern Iran. Wind erosion intensities were evaluated using IRIFR (Iran Research Institute of Forests and Ranges) model, in which four classes of soil erosion were identified. Afterward, we measured carbon dioxide emission on a monthly basis and for a period of one year using alkali traps in each class of soil erosion. Data on emission levels and erosion classes were analyzed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with twelve replications in each treatment. The highest rate of emission occurred in July (4.490 g CO2/(m2·d)) in severely eroded lands and the least in January (0.086 g CO2/(m2·d)) in low eroded lands. Therefore, it is resulted that increasing erosion intensity causes an increase in soil carbon dioxide emission rate at severe erosion intensity. Moreover, the maximum amount of carbon dioxide emission happened in summer and the minimum in winter. Soil carbon dioxide emission was just related to air temperature without any relationship with soil moisture content; since changes of soil moisture in the wet and dry seasons were not high enough to affect soil microorganisms and respiration in dry areas. In general, there are complex and multiple relationships between various factors associated with soil erosion and carbon dioxide emission. Global warming causes events that lead to more erosion, which in turn increases greenhouse gas emission, and rising greenhouse gases will cause more global warming. The result of this study demonstrated the synergistic effect of wind erosion and global climate warming towards carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere.

Background &amp; Aims: The carbon footprint is one of the parameters that can be used to estimate the amount of pollution caused by carbon dioxide compounds. This research was conducted to evaluate and estimate the carbon footprint resulting from the carbon dioxide emissions of the Zahedan Gas Power Plant due to the consumption of fossil fuels and electricity production. Materials and Methods: Carbon dioxide was read directly in the vicinity of the exhaust chimneys. In each studied season (spring, summer, or autumn), carbon dioxide was measured with 3 repetitions. TESTO (model 350, Germany) was utilized to measure carbon dioxide gas. The carbon footprint was estimated and evaluated by the IPCC method. To calculate the per capita carbon footprint, the population of Zahedan was considered based on the last census in 2021, which was 770800 people. Results: The total carbon dioxide emissions in the spring and summer of 2021 were 15.22 and 9.41 ppm, respectively. It was 12.44 and 20.37 ppm in the spring and autumn of 2022, and 21.49 ppm in the summer of 2023. The highest per capita carbon dioxide emission and intensity of carbon dioxide emission (2240.89 and 288.73, respectively) were obtained from the consumption of oil and gas in the year 2021 for electricity generation in the Zahedan Gas Power Plant. Conclusion: Zahedan Power Plant has used oil and natural gas to produce electricity, and the consumption of natural gas was higher than that of oil gas in the two years under study. The amount of carbon dioxide emissions in 2021 from the consumption of natural gas was higher than that of oil gas. In addition, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in 2021 was higher than in 2022. According to the results, carbon dioxide emissions increased in 2023 and 2022 compared to 2021.

The increase of energy usage is the cause of greenhouse gas emission, especially carbon dioxide. Furthermore, one of the factors of high carbon emission is electricity, which is one of the energy sources needed for campus activities. The aim of this study is to analyse the amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced by the source of electricity in UiTM Perlis, for the assessment of low carbon dioxide compliance in campus. There are three types of data utilized, which are total electric consumptions in UiTM Perlis from 2013 to 2015, the building plan of UiTM Perlis, the base map of UiTM Perlis and the spatial analysis of (GIS) geographical information system. The assessment of low carbon in campus is based on the calculation of the amount of carbon dioxide emission, and it is then mapped based on five building categories. The total consumption of electrical energy by the buildings is used to determine the amount of carbon emission using the formula for carbon dioxide emission. Carbon dioxide emissions per unit square meter (ktCO2)/m2 in the three years in UiTM Perlis are 58.34, 56.24 and 55.31, respectively. Based on the comparison of these results with carbon dioxide emission guideline per unit square meter (ktCO2)/m2 which is 56.5 ktCO2, it can be seen that UiTM Perlis complies with the guideline for year 2014 and 2015.

본 연구에서는 지리정보시스템(GIS)을 이용하여 지하광산 현장에서 운영되는 디젤 차량의 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 국내 지하 석회석 광산 한 곳을 연구지역으로 선정하였고, 연구 지역의 운반도로를 3차원 벡터 네트워크 형식으로 표현하여 GIS 데이터베이스를 구축하였다. 탄소배출계수의 계산을 위해 운반도로의 각 구간별로 대형 디젤 차량인 덤프트럭의 이동속도를 측정하였다. 운반도로 각 구간별로 계산된 탄소배출계수와 GIS 기반의 최적 경로분석을 통해 결정된 트럭의 운반거리를 고려하여 운반작업과 관련한 디젤 차량의 탄소배출량을 정량적으로 산정할 수 있었다. 광업 분야에서 디젤 차량이 광범위하게 활용되고 있으므로, 본 연구에서 제시한 방법은 광산 현장의 탄소배출량 산정을 위해 사용될 수 있으며 추가적인 연구를 통해 보다 개선될 수 있을 것이다. This study presents a method to calculate carbon dioxide emissions of diesel vehicles operated in an underground mine using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). An underground limestone mine in Korea was selected as the study area. A GIS database was constructed to represent the haulage roads as a 3D vector network. The speed of dump trucks at each haulage road was investigated to determine the carbon dioxide emission factor. The amount of carbon dioxide emissions related to the truck's haulage work could be calculated by considering the carbon dioxide emission factor at each haulage road and the haulage distance determined by GIS-based optimal route analysis. Because diesel vehicles are widely utilized in the mining industry, the method proposed in this study can be used and further improved to calculate the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in mining sites.

Artan ekonomik büyüme, üretim miktarındaki artışın etkisiyle fosil yakıtların kullanımından kaynaklanançevreye salınan zararlı gazların miktarında artışa sebep olmaktadır. Sera gazı etkisi olarak bilinen bu etki,dünya genelinde küresel ısınmanın başlıca nedenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Çevresel Kuznetseğrisine göre, ekonomik büyüme çevresel kirleticilerin salınımını artırmakta fakat belli bir ekonomikbüyümeden sonra ülkelerin büyüme ve gelişmeleri, çevreye duyarlılığın artması, çevre dostu teknolojilerin veyenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanılması sebebiyle zararlı madde salınımında azalış meydana gelmektedir.Bu çalışmada 32 OECD ülkesinin 1993-2014 dönemi verileri kullanılarak karbondioksit emisyonunu etkileyenfaktörler toplamsal olmayan sabit etkili panel kantil regresyon modeliyle analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada enerjikullanımındaki artışın emisyon miktarını artırdığı, kentleşme oranının, yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin, ticariaçıklığın ve finansal gelişmedeki artışın ise emisyon miktarını azalttığı yönünde bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Yapılananaliz sonucunda OECD ülkelerinde farklı kantillerde Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği incelenmiş,teoriye göre karbondioksit emisyonu miktarı ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkinin fonksiyonel şeklinin Nbiçiminde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çevresel Kuznets eğrisinin fonksiyonel şeklinin N biçiminde olmasına rağmenmodellerde bir dönüm noktasının olmadığı, bir büküm noktasının olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar,büküm noktasında emisyon miktarının azalmadığını, bu noktada eğim değiştirerek artışına devam ettiğinigöstermektedir.

Carbon dioxide emissions are considered to be one of the main culprits in global warming and the Kyoto Protocol specifically targets reductions in carbon dioxide to reduce global warming. Because the fossil burning electric utility plants are the primary industrial source of carbon dioxide emissions, we examine how effective the U.S. electric utility companies have been in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. We evaluate 1998 carbon dioxide emissions in relation to the emissions of the base year of 1990 set by the Kyoto Protocol. We also examine whether adequate disclosures are being made by the utilities to reflect their pollution performance. The findings show that the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions increased by 35% in 1998 compared to 1990, but on a relative basis, they decreased from 205 to 204lbs/MMBTU. Though we detect some support for a positive association between pollution disclosures and pollution emissions, the electric utilities in general do not disclose much about global warming or carbon dioxide.

With the further aggravation of global warming and the increasingly serious problems of ecological environment, the construction of low-carbon cities has become an inevitable choice for the global response to climate change and the sustainable development of economy and society. In order to understand the basic situation of China’s low-carbon cities more specifically, this paper selects countries with different urbanization rates to carry out benchmarking analysis with China, hoping to draw on the experience of other countries from the national level through multi-dimensional comparison, and guide the direction of China’s future urban development. Firstly, this paper selects the basic indicators such as the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions, per capita carbon emissions and carbon emissions per unit GDP of each country; Secondly, it compares the proportion of coal in energy and other indicators, and analyzes the energy structure of each country in depth; Thirdly, it compares the trend of carbon emissions in each country among 1990-2017. Finally, in order to reflect the carbon emission in the development of urbanization, this paper uses the “urbanization carbon emission index”, which is the ratio of per capita carbon emission and urbanization rate, to show the relationship between the degree of urbanization and carbon emission. Through benchmarking analysis, we can more clearly understand the overall trend of low-carbon city construction in different countries, recognize the gap between China and other countries, and better guide the development of low-carbon cities in China in the future.

Emission abatement in shipping – is it possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions profitably?

2019 was Earth's second warmest year since 1850. In 2019 the global mean temperature was cooler than in 2016, but warmer than any other year explicitly measured. Consequently, 2016 is still the warmest year in historical observation history. Year-to-year rankings are likely to reflect natural fluctuations in the short term, but the overall pattern remains consistent with a long-term global warming trend. This would be predicted from global warming caused by greenhouse gases, temperature increase across the globe is broadly spread, impacting almost all areas of land and oceans. Climate change" and "global warming" are often used interchangeably but are of distinct significance. Global warming is the long-term heating of the Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period as a result of human activities, mainly the combustion of fossil fuel, which raises the heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in the Earth's air. The term is often used interchangeably with the term climate change, as the latter applies to warming caused both humanly and naturally, and the impact it has on our planet. This is most generally calculated as the average increase in global surface temperature on Earth. Carbon dioxide emission is one of the main reasons for global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, human sources of carbon dioxide emissions have been growing. Human activities such as the burning of oil, coal and gas, as well as deforestation are the primary cause of the increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. In our research, let’s examine the relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and the GDP/capita in developed and developing countries.

During the two sessions in 2022, "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" were written into the government's work report for the first time, and became a hot topic of discussion among people in related industries. "Peak carbon" refers to China's commitment not to increase its carbon dioxide emissions until 2030, thus peaking and then tapering off. "Carbon neutrality" means that enterprises and individuals measure the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions generated in a certain period of time, so as to offset carbon dioxide emissions through afforestation, energy conservation and emission reduction, and achieve zero carbon dioxide emissions. Simply put, peak carbon refers to the reduction in carbon emissions after a point in time; Carbon neutrality means that the carbon dioxide produced can be "produced and sold on its own". There are many reasons for global warming, the most important of which is excessive greenhouse gas emissions. Global warming affects every aspect of people's life. Under the way of negotiation among countries, we advocate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, from which Our country put forward the goal of carbon peak and carbon neutrality.

Accommodation profoundly affects energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in the tourism sector.This paper focuses on starrated hotels in China, and applies a bottom-up approach to estimate the amount of carbon dioxide emissions from tourism accommodation in 1998-2009.The results show that carbon dioxide emission of star-rated hotels increased from 4.37 million ton in 1998 to 16.82 million ton in 2009 (an increase of 3.84 times).Although the amount of carbon emissions is increasing, the rate of change shows a decrease in the trend.The three-star hotels were the largest carbon dioxide discharger, followed by two-star hotels.In spatial variation, carbon dioxide emissions from tourism accommodation in coastal areas are generally greater than those in inland areas, and they are generally greater in southeastern part than in northwestern part.In 2009, the highest carbon dioxide emissions occur in the central part of eastern coastal China.The result of research in this study has great significance to further calculation carbon dioxide emission of hotel industry.