Abstract
With the rapid development of portable devices and Energy Storage Systems (ESS), secondary batteries with high energy density and high capacity are in great demand. Among various candidates, Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been considered for next-generation energy devices given their high theoretical capacity (1675 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>) and energy density (2500 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup>). However, the commercialization of Li-S batteries faces challenges due to sulfur’s low electrical conductivity and the shuttle effect, caused by the dissolution of lithium polysulfide intermediates in the electrolyte during the charge-discharge process. Herein, to resolve these problems, we report the fabrication of a vanadium dioxide (VO<sub>2</sub>) composite via a simple hydrothermal method and optimize the structure of VO<sub>2</sub> for constructing an effective Multi-Walled Carbon Nano Tube (MWCNT) and 3D flower-shaped VO<sub>2</sub> (MWCNT@VO<sub>2</sub>) binary sulfur host by a simple melt diffusion method. In particular, the polar VO<sub>2</sub> composite not only physically absorbs the soluble lithium polysulfides but also has strong chemical bonds with a higher affinity for lithium polysulfides, which act as a catalyst, enhancing electrochemical reversibility. Additionally, MWCNT improves sulfur’s poor electrical conductivity and buffers volume expansion during cycling. The designed S-MWCNT@VO<sub>2</sub> electrode also exhibits better capacity retention and cycling performance than a bare S-MWCNT electrode as a lithium polysulfide reservoir.
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