Abstract
The microbiota can play important roles in the development of human immunity and the establishment of immune homeostasis. Lifestyle factors including diet, hygiene, and exposure to viruses or bacteria, and medical interventions with antibiotics or anti‐ulcer medications, regulate phylogenetic variability and the quality of cross talk between innate and adaptive immune cells via mucosal and skin epithelia. More recently, microbiota and their composition have been linked to protective effects for health. Imbalance, however, has been linked to immune‐related diseases such as allergy and cancer, characterized by impaired, or exaggerated immune tolerance, respectively. In this AllergoOncology position paper, we focus on the increasing evidence defining the microbiota composition as a key determinant of immunity and immune tolerance, linked to the risk for the development of allergic and malignant diseases. We discuss novel insights into the role of microbiota in disease and patient responses to treatments in cancer and in allergy. These may highlight opportunities to improve patient outcomes with medical interventions supported through a restored microbiome.
Highlights
Why studying microbiota is important for the field of AllergoOncology The collective genome of all microorganisms living in and on the surfaces of the human body is defined as the microbiome and contains 150 times more genes than the 23,000 proteincoding genes of human origin (Table 1)
Imbalance has been linked to immune-related diseases such as allergy and cancer, characterized by impaired, or exaggerated immune tolerance, respectively. In this AllergoOncology position paper, we focus on the increasing evidence defining the microbiota composition as a key determinant of immunity and immune tolerance, linked to the risk for development of allergic and malignant diseases
Non-digestible Oligosaccharides (NDO) feeding reduced the development of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infants at risk of allergy which was associated with increased Bifidobacterium and Lactobacilli [41, 42], re-balancing the immune response from a predominant Th2-type allergic profile at birth to a more Th1-type and regulatory T cell profile
Summary
Why studying microbiota is important for the field of AllergoOncology The collective genome of all microorganisms living in and on the surfaces of the human body is defined as the microbiome and contains 150 times more genes than the 23,000 proteincoding genes of human origin (Table 1). Amish farm dust initiated innate immune pathways associated with protection from allergy development in a mouse model. The protective immunity associated with the consumption of raw milk induces FOXP3 demethylation and T regulatory cells. Exposure of bronchial epithelia to farm dust, for instance containing CpG-DNA, or of gut epithelia to farm milk enhances epithelial barrier integrity, resulting in protective innate immunity to allergens and viruses Immature gut microbial composition at age 1-year was positively associated with asthma risk at 5-years in children with asthmatic mothers [3]. Hygiene hypothesis in oncology: From epidemiology to mechanisms Increased incidence of certain cancers in Westernized countries [11] may be associated with under-exposure to certain microbial species, modern lifestyle, and consumption of sterilized food [12]. Repeated antibiotic use may increase risk of certain human malignancies [26]
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