Abstract
To date, allelopathic activity of mushroom has not been reported in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to examine the allelopathic activity of wild mushroom extract through bioassay germination on Vigna radiata L. seed. A total of 13 wild mushrooms namely : Amanita sp.1, Armillaria sp.1, Armillaria sp.2, Auricularia sp., Clitocybe sp., Crepidotus sp., Fomitopsis sp., Ganoderma sp., Lepiota sp.1, Microporus sp., Panaeolus sp., Polyporus sp., and Rigidoporus sp. used for the material extraction.The extraction of 13 wild mushrooms was done using pure water. Pure extract (25%, 50%, and 75%) was applied by using sprayer directly on the seed for 7 days. The parameters observed including percentage of seeds germinating, length of radicles, and length of plumules. The highest germination rates as well as length of plumules and radicles were obtained in the negative control using distilled water, whilst Imperata cylindrica extract which used as positive control showed opposite result. Mushroom extract showed variation in the parameter observation. Rigidoporus sp., Daedalea sp.1, and Microporus sp. 2 seem to have the best activity of allelopathic effects, while Auricularia sp. consistently induced the highest effect of seed development. Overall, in line with few previously reports, this results can broadening the information of utilization of allelochemical properties of wild mushroom.
Highlights
Weeds are plants which inhabit in a location where their occuranceare undesirable due to their adverse effects on the ecosystem or agriculture (Norris, 1992; Kim, 1994; Gadermaier et al, 2014)
Different mushroom species act as a promising source for the production of various compounds that can be used as potential herbicides.The objective of this study was to observe allelopathic activity of wild mushroom extract through bioassay germinationon Vigna radiata L seed
Allelopathic bioassay test using extracts derived from 13 wild mushroom showed that the aqueous extracts of wild mushroom posses allelochemicals that suppressed the germination and seedling growth of Vigna radiata L. (Table 1)
Summary
Weeds are plants which inhabit in a location where their occuranceare undesirable due to their adverse effects on the ecosystem or agriculture (Norris, 1992; Kim, 1994; Gadermaier et al, 2014). Wood and Morris (2007) discovered that the Australian gallforming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum assists to reduce the infestationof Acacia saligna at over 50 localities in South Africa Another prime examples of using fungi in biocontrol of weed are the prosperous use of the European rust fungus Phragmidium violaceum to control European blackberry (Rubus sp.) inChile, the use of Puccinia chondrillina to control Chondrilla juncea (rush skeleton weed) in Australia, which is considered as the most astonishing successes ever performed with biocontrol (Tansey and Kendrick, 1992). The allelopathic effects of mushrooms rely on hyphae biomass, the allelochemicals itself, and the tolerance of affected organisms (e.g., plants or insects) (Fujiiet al., 2004). Using wild filamentous hyphae with fruiting bodies would be ideal for assessing the allelopathic potential of mushrooms (Osivand et al, 2018). This research is the first report of allelopathic activity of mushroom extract in Indonesia
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