Abstract
Recent advances in nanomaterials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. However, existing manufacturing methods still rely on a multi-step, error-prone complex process that requires a costly cleanroom facility. Here, we report a new class of additive nanomanufacturing of functional materials that enables a wireless, multilayered, seamlessly interconnected, and flexible hybrid electronic system. All-printed electronics, incorporating machine learning, offers multi-class and versatile human-machine interfaces. One of the key technological advancements is the use of a functionalized conductive graphene with enhanced biocompatibility, anti-oxidation, and solderability, which allows a wireless flexible circuit. The high-aspect ratio graphene offers gel-free, high-fidelity recording of muscle activities. The performance of the printed electronics is demonstrated by using real-time control of external systems via electromyograms. Anatomical study with deep learning-embedded electrophysiology mapping allows for an optimal selection of three channels to capture all finger motions with an accuracy of about 99% for seven classes.
Highlights
Recent advances in nanomaterials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics
From this point of view, the ability to manufacture stretchable hybrid electronics entirely based on additive manufacturing methods is attractive due to decreased material consumption, fast turnaround, scalable fabrication based on parallel printing, and, most importantly, the fact that only a single equipment is needed[6]
The conductive electrodes consist of 10.5-μmthick PI and 0.8-μm-thick functionalized conductive graphene (FCG) layers on a glass substrate, which is coated with a sacrificial polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer (Fig. 1e and Supplementary Fig. 2)
Summary
Recent advances in nanomaterials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. Development of highly conductive nanomaterials and annealing methods of printed inks, including Ag9,10, Cu11, and carbon nanotube materials (CNT)[12] enable low skin-toelectrode contact impedance, leading to improved signal-to-noise ratios in electrophysiological recordings during dynamic body movements Leveraging these advances, several printed wearable systems have been demonstrated, limited only to passive electrodes[13,14,15,16,17] and relying on rigid printed circuit boards fabricated by conventional methods (i.e., photolithography, spin coating, and high-vacuum deposition) for the active components[15,18,19,20]. Collective results illustrate how the proposed materials optimization, device integration, and EMGbased HMIs will change the way printed electronics integrated with soft materials are utilized in advancing human performance and healthcare
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