All Kinds of Commonly Used Tissue Flaps

Abstract

The skin flap transplantation began in 1595; Tagiliaeozzi designed the nasal reconstruction with the upper arm skin flap. In the early nineteenth century, the transplantation of tubular skin flap was successfully designed and performed. From 1915 to 1965, the skin flap design was limited to the length-to-width ratio of the skin flap, for example, face, 3:1, and lower limbs, 1:1, and the patients with a length-to-width ratio exceeding the designed ratio should undergo the delayed surgery. In 1965, Bakinjian used and transferred the deltopectoral skin flap to repair the pharyngeal defect; thus, it was not needed to perform the delayed surgery. In 1973, Danial and Williams et al. divided the skin flaps into two types such as the axial pattern skin flap which is supplied with blood directly by the cutaneous artery and the random pattern skin flap which is supplied with blood by the myocutaneous artery according to the study on the anatomy and blood supply of the skin. In 1974, Harri and Hmori et al. performed the free skin flap graft with vascular anastomosis and achieved success. For over 30 years, due to the rise of microscopic anatomy, and the development of tissue implantation technique is enhanced, the vascular pedicled skin flap and myocutaneous flap transfer and the free skin flap transplantation with vascular anastomosis are widely used in the wounds of traumas; electric burns; and hot crush injuries with the exposure of deep tissues such as nerves, blood vessels, and tendons; and the severe soft tissue defects, which have advantages of avoiding or reducing the amputation, restoring the appearance and function, as well as preventing the secondary bleeding [1–3].