Alkylthio acetic acids (3-thia fatty acids)—A new group of non-β-oxidizable peroxisome-inducing fatty acid analogues—II. Dose-response studies on hepatic peroxisomal- and mitochondrial changes and long-chain fatty acid metabolizing enzymes in rats

Abstract

The activity of key enzymes involved in oxidation and esterification of long-chain fatty acids was investigated after male Wistar rats were treated with different doses of sulfur substituted fatty acid analogues, 1,10-bis(carboxymethylthiodecane) (BCMTD, non-β-oxidizable and non-ω-oxidizable), 1-mono(carboxymethylthiotetradecane) (CMTTD, trivial name, alkylthio acetic acid, non-β-oxidizable) and 1-mono(carboxyethylthiotetradecane) (CETTD trivial name, alkylthio propionic acid, β-oxidizable). The sulfur substituted dicarboxylic acid and the alkylthio acetic acid induced in a dose-dependent manner the mitochondrial, microsomal and especially the peroxisomal palmitoyl-CoA synthetase activity, the mitochondrial and cytosolic palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity, the mitochondrial and especially the microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase activity and the peroxisomal β-oxidation, especially revealed in the microsomal fraction. Morphometric analysis of randomly selected hepatocytes revealed that BCMTD and CMTTD treatment increased the number, size and volume fraction of peroxisomes and mitochondria. Thus, the observed changes in the specific activity of fatty acid metabolizing enzymes with multiple subcellular localization can partly be explained as an effect of changes in the s-values of the organelles as proliferation of mitochondria and peroxisomes occurred. The most striking effect of the alkylthio propionic acid was the formation of numerous fat droplets in the liver cells and enhancement of the hepatic triglyceride level. This was in contrast to BCMTD treatment which decreased the hepatic triglyceride content. In conclusion, the results provide evidence that administration of non-β-oxidizable fatty acid analogues had much higher in vivo potency in inducing hepatomegaly and key enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, including proliferation of peroxisomes and mitochondria than is exhibited in the β-oxidizable, alkylthio propionic acid. Moreover, the dicarboxylic acid was apparently three to six times more potent than the alkylthio acetic acid in inducing peroxisomal β-oxidation and peroxisome proliferation when considered on a μmol/day basis. As palmitic acid and hexadecanedioic acid only marginally affected these hepatic responses, it is conceivable that the potency of the selected compounds as proliferators of peroxisomes and inducers of the associated enzymes depends on their accessibility for β-oxidation.