Alkane Bromination Revisited: “Reproportionation” in Gas-Phase Methane Bromination Leads to Higher Selectivity for CH3Br at Moderate Temperatures

Abstract

The reaction of methane and bromine is a mildly exothermic and exergonic example of free radical alkane activation. We show here that the reaction of methane and bromine (CH4:Br2 > or = 1) may yield either a kinetically or a thermodynamically determined bromomethane product distribution and proceeds in two main phases between 450 and 550 degrees C under ambient pressure on the laboratory time scale. This is in contrast to the highly exothermic methane fluorination or chlorination reactions, which give kinetic product distributions, and to the endergonic iodination of methane, which yields an equilibrium distribution of iodomethanes. The first phase of reaction between methane and bromine is a relatively rapid consumption of bromine to yield a kinetic methane bromination product distribution characterized by low methane conversion, low methyl bromide selectivity, and higher polybromomethane selectivity. In the second slower phase CHxBr(4-x) reproportionation leads to significantly higher methane conversion and higher methyl bromide selectivity. For methane bromination at 525 degrees C, CH4 conversion and CH3Br selectivity reach 73.5% and 69.5%, respectively, after ample (60 s) time for reproportionation. The high selectivity and simple configuration make this pathway an attractive candidate for scale-up in halogen-mediated methane partial oxidation processes.