Abstract
The abundance of sodium resources indicates the potential of sodium-ion batteries as emerging energy storage devices. However, the practical application of sodium-ion batteries is hindered by the limited electrochemical performance of electrode materials, especially at the anode side. Here, we identify alkaline earth metal vanadates as promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries. The prepared calcium vanadate nanowires possess intrinsically high electronic conductivity (> 100 S cm−1), small volume change (< 10%), and a self-preserving effect, which results in a superior cycling and rate performance and an applicable reversible capacity (> 300 mAh g−1), with an average voltage of ∼1.0 V. The specific sodium-storage mechanism, beyond the conventional intercalation or conversion reaction, is demonstrated through in situ and ex situ characterizations and theoretical calculations. This work explores alkaline earth metal vanadates for sodium-ion battery anodes and may open a direction for energy storage.
Highlights
The abundance of sodium resources indicates the potential of sodium-ion batteries as emerging energy storage devices
The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the sample prepared at 450 °C displays much weaker diffraction peaks than the sample prepared at 550 °C, indicating the low crystallinity of CVO-450 (Fig. 2a)
The diffraction peaks of both CVO-450 and CVO-550 can be indexed to the pure phase of tetragonal CaV4O9 (JCPDS: 01-070-4469), which is a layered structure, and the Ca ions are evenly distributed in the crystal structure (Fig. 2b, c)
Summary
The abundance of sodium resources indicates the potential of sodium-ion batteries as emerging energy storage devices. The practical application of sodium-ion batteries is hindered by the limited electrochemical performance of electrode materials, especially at the anode side. We identify alkaline earth metal vanadates as promising anodes for sodium-ion batteries. This work explores alkaline earth metal vanadates for sodium-ion battery anodes and may open a direction for energy storage. SIBs have a similar configuration and electrochemical reaction processes with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Sodium resources are much more abundant and cost-effective than lithium resources, which makes SIBs more suitable for large-scale energy storage applications[5,6,7]. One of the most important tasks to realize the practical application of SIBs is to find suitable electrode materials with long-term cycling stability, high rate capability, low cost and high capacity
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