Abstract
Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident dendritic cells, although recently LCs were also classified as specialized macrophages on the basis of their embryonic development shared with tissue-resident macrophages (Doebel et al., 2017; Hoeffel et al., 2012). LCs maintain skin immune surveillance and are involved in skin disorders, including psoriasis (Eidsmo and Martini, 2018; Kaplan, 2017). Adult LCs homeostasis is maintained throughout lifetime self-renewal at steady state, but the impaired LCs could arise by bone marrow–derived precursors at inflammatory state (Ginhoux et al., 2006; Seré et al., 2012).
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