Abstract
Abstract. Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) technology offers novel and excited experiences to visitors of cultural sites. Extended recent technological advances in smart communication devices made the connection of the real to the virtual worlds more affordable and effective. In spite of the rapid development and availability of the AR/VR applications to cultural heritage, there still exist gaps and challenges in accurate positioning and navigation of visitors’ smart devices in both out-doors archaeological spaces as well as in in-doors museum spaces. Recent technology smart devices embody GNSS positioning sensors, which in best cases, provide 1-meter positioning accuracies in open spaces, while are unable to work in-doors. Such accuracies and restrictions lead to gaps in fetching visitor’s position in AR environments and mis-positions with regard to the rest AR/VR objects as visualized in smart screens, while the problem gets worse when dealing with real-time videoing, when elapse times and refresh rates lead to additional mispositionings. In this paper, effort is made to present and evaluate the most recent and widely used tools for positioning and navigation of smart devices in in- and out-doors CH sites.
Highlights
To meet up the expectations of visitors, cultural heritage sites are always looking for different and innovative approaches
In addition to the above electronic parts, smart mobile devices are accompanied by advanced operating systems on which have been developed multiple programming tools - Software Developer Kits (SDKs), which facilitate and automate the development processes of the augmented reality (AR) applications
The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLVI-M-1-2021 28th CIPA Symposium “Great Learning & Digital Emotion”, 28 August–1 September 2021, Beijing, China contains errors related to the accuracy of the integrated to the smart devices, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) sensors, as well as the lack of the ability of the vision algorithms to detect the so-called characteristic points in the physical world
Summary
Finding the user's location with optimal accuracy is a basic need for the proper representation of AR content both for outdoors and indoors environment. The most popular positioning technology in smart mobile devices is based on the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). At the same time, selected devices are supporting dual carrier frequency GNSS (L1, L5), ensuring better positioning accuracy in difficult conditions of signal propagation, such as in locations surrounded by tall buildings and obstacles, where the signal multipath error is introduced (Vasisht, D, et al 2016). Despite the above additions of technologies to the modern mobile devices, positioning accuracy through the built-in GNSS systems, is limited to one meter (1 m) in real time (GPS 2021), while this performance is for outdoor use only. To locate the user's location in an indoor environment, alternative wireless technologies are used, available on a variety of mobile devices through appropriate fixed signal sources or access points (Access Points - APs). The accuracy and measurement techniques of indoor and outdoor positioning technologies are examined below
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