Abstract
An ideal printed circuit board (PCB) defect inspection system can detect defects and classify PCB defect types. Existing defect inspection technologies can identify defects but fail to classify all PCB defect types. This research thus proposes an algorithmic scheme that can detect and categorize all 14-known PCB defect types. In the proposed algorithmic scheme, fuzzy c-means clustering is used for image segmentation via image subtraction prior to defect detection. Arithmetic and logic operations, the circle hough transform (CHT), morphological reconstruction (MR), and connected component labeling (CCL) are used in defect classification. The algorithmic scheme achieves 100% defect detection and 99.05% defect classification accuracies. The novelty of this research lies in the concurrent use of CHT, MR, and CCL algorithms to accurately detect and classify all 14-known PCB defect types and determine the defect characteristics such as the location, area, and nature of defects. This information is helpful in electronic parts manufacturing for finding the root causes of PCB defects and appropriately adjusting the manufacturing process. Moreover, the algorithmic scheme can be integrated into machine vision to streamline the manufacturing process, improve the PCB quality, and lower the production cost.
Highlights
In electronic component manufacturing, a system for defect inspection of printed circuit boards (PCB) prevents defective PCBs from advancing to the subsequent stage
Image subtraction is utilized for defect detection, and the circle Hough transform (CHT), morphological reconstruction (MR), and connected component labelling (CCL) algorithms are employed in defect classification
This study proposes the PCB defect inspection system using a referential approach
Summary
A system for defect inspection of printed circuit boards (PCB) prevents defective PCBs from advancing to the subsequent stage. In [9,10,11], image subtraction and morphological operations are applied to detect and classify PCB defects. These techniques can classify only four to eight defect types (out of 14-known defect types). In [15], all 14-known defect types are initially categorized into five classes, and a classification algorithm is applied to classify defect types. This study proposes an algorithmic scheme to detect and classify all 14-known PCB defect types with at least 90% accuracy. Image subtraction is utilized for defect detection, and the circle Hough transform (CHT), morphological reconstruction (MR), and connected component labelling (CCL) algorithms are employed in defect classification
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