Abstract
In vivo physiological assessments are typically done by either imaging techniques or by sensing changes in the attenuation coefficient. Using visible or near-infrared (NIR), imaging is mainly possible for thin tissues. On the other hand, clinical information can also be detected by examining changes in tissue optical properties. The most challenging aspect in sensing techniques is the spectral dependent scattering, which varies with the physiological state and tissue type. We have previously published our novel noninvasive nanophotonics technique for detecting tissue scattering based on reflectance measurements: the iterative multi-plane optical property extraction (IMOPE). The IMOPE reconstructs the reemitted light phase using an iterative algorithm and extracts the scattering properties based on a theoretical model. This paper presents the in vivo application of distinguishing between different mouse tissue areas. The reconstructed phase images reveal different areas in the inner thigh of a mouse, which are related to the muscle, bone, and skin. The IMOPE uses the reconstructed phases for sensing and detecting unseen components beneath the skin surface. This technique could be further applied to the diagnosis of various physiological states.
Highlights
For many years, the detection of objects hidden behind opaque materials was considered challenging due to their random multiple scattering ability
As the diffusion reflection (DR) theory lacks in phase description, we have suggested describing the phase as the product of the wavenumber and the average pathlength which depends on the differential path length factor (DPF) [21,22]
This paper presents the in vivo application of the nanophotonics iterative multi-plane optical property extraction (IMOPE) technique for detecting different tissue types of a mouse
Summary
The detection of objects hidden behind opaque materials was considered challenging due to their random multiple scattering ability. When focusing on the physiological barriers, i.e. tissues, these barriers are mainly imaged using X-ray for computed tomography (CT) scans [5,6], ultrasound [7,8] and radio waves for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [9,10] All those techniques use electromagnetic wave irradiation with wavelengths outside the optical window. For detecting components behind or within tissues using the optical window, one will need to use some manipulations (wavefront shaping [13,14], speckle correlation [15,16,17], etc.) either on the irradiated or the reemitted light. Photons reemitted from opaque material have gone through multiple scattering and possess the material internal information This information, which is useful in various fields such as biology, medicine, material science, security, and intelligence, can be extracted by detecting changes in the attenuation coefficient. The in vivo experimental results indicate the IMOPE ability to sense a mouse muscle, bone, and skin by computing the phase RMS from different areas of the reconstructed phase images
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