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Abstract
Alginates are natural anionic polyelectrolytes investigated in various biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, and 3D bioprinting. Functionalization of alginates is one possible way to provide a broad range of requirements for those applications. A range of techniques, including esterification, amidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, sulfation, graft copolymerization, and oxidation and reduction, have been implemented for this purpose. The rationale behind these investigations is often the combination of such modified alginates with different molecules. Particularly promising are lectin conjugate macromolecules for lectin-mediated drug delivery, which enhance the bioavailability of active ingredients on a specific site. Most interesting for such application are alginate derivatives, because these macromolecules are more resistant to acidic and enzymatic degradation. This review will report recent progress in alginate modification and conjugation, focusing on alginate-lectin conjugation, which is proposed as a matrix for mucoadhesive drug delivery and provides a new perspective for future studies with these conjugation methods.
Highlights
This study finds that Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) has shown the highest bioadhesive potential, while Peanut agglutinin (PNA) can be a potent tissue discriminator for cancer diagnosis
Chemical modification is the preferred method for generating the alginate derivatives, having enhanced and altogether new characteristics
The range of this modification establishes a compelling potential for tailoring the generation of alginate-based biomaterial for particular applications [1,3]
Summary
The functionalization has provided the possibility to form ionic and covalent crosslinking They result in improved physical and chemical properties and additional biological activity, factually accommodating the proposed application demand. Extending the contact time of the delivered active ingredients will improve the poor adsorption drug’s bioavailability, increasing the therapy’s effectiveness Both alginate and lectin show adhesiveness characteristics. Studies show that the low affinity of alginate matrices can be boosted with an attachment of cell targeting or signaling moieties [1] With their bioadhesive properties, lectins are proposed as a targeting media in drug delivery [10]. We report the strategies to functionalize the alginate biopolymer based on available functional groups and the following conjunction of mucoadhesive moieties This new smart biopolymer is expected to serve as a molecule vehicle and adhesive moiety to deliver molecules to a particular site
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