Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to a wide range of pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses; therefore, survival under these conditions requires a sophisticated defense system. The activation of defense responses and related signals in plants is regulated mainly by the hormones salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene. Resistance to pathogen infection can be induced in plants by various biotic and abiotic agents. For many years, the use of abiotic plant resistance inducers has been considered in integrated disease management programs. Recently, natural inducer compounds, such as alginates, have become a focus of interest due to their environmentally friendly nature and their ability to stimulate plant defense mechanisms and enhance growth. Polysaccharides and the oligosaccharides derived from them are examples of eco-compatible compounds that can enhance plant growth while also inducing plant resistance against pathogens and triggering the expression of the salicylic acid-dependent defense pathway.
Highlights
Plant pathogens cause diseases with different pathogenicity mechanisms in various parts of plants, resulting in great economic loss [1]
Plants are continuously exposed to a wide range of pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses; survival under these conditions requires a sophisticated defense system
Pathogens successfully infect plants through mechanisms involving the recognition of plant surface receptors, production of virulence and effector proteins, and overcoming plant defense barriers [1,2]
Summary
Plant pathogens cause diseases with different pathogenicity mechanisms in various parts of plants, resulting in great economic loss [1]. Due to the complex interaction that occurs between the pathogen, plant, biological inducer components, and the environment (combined biotic and abiotic factors), the application of biotic inducers to control plant diseases in field conditions may lead to changes in the mechanism of induction of resistance and the form of the defense signals (Figure 1). In 2018, FytoSave® product (LIDA Plant Research, Valencia, Spain) as the first plant phytovaccine with phytosanitary registration was admitted by the European Commission for use in organic agriculture (https://www.infoagro.com, accessed on 8 January 2022). Another commercial product is Stemicol® (LIDA Plant Research, Valencia, Spain), a mixture of chitooligosaccharides that causes the reduction in fruit rot in tomatoes, strawberries, and grapes (https://www.lidaplantresearch.com/phytovaccines/stemicol, accessed on 8 January 2022) Natural compounds, such as oligosaccharides, are promising alternatives to chemical fungicides for controlling pathogen diseases in the field [22]. We discuss the main defense pathways invoked by plants to combat pathogen attacks, with a more intense focus on the role of ALG and AOS in the induction of resistance against plant diseases
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
